Ambuja Public School, Rabriyawas

It Practical
File
Name: Rudraksh Chouhan
Class: X-B
Roll No. : 10235

Ravindra Rathore
Database
Management
System (DBMS) -
Practical File
Introduction to Databases and DBMS
A database is a structured collection of data organized for efficient storage, retrieval, and management. Database Management
Systems (DBMS) are software applications that interact with users, other applications, and the database itself to capture and
analyze data. DBMS provides a systematic approach to manage databases, offering features like data security, data integrity, and
concurrent access control.
In today's data-driven world, DBMS plays a crucial role in various sectors, from e-commerce and banking to healthcare and
education. It allows organizations to store vast amounts of information, process it quickly, and extract meaningful insights. As you
begin your journey into DBMS, you'll learn how these systems form the foundation of most modern applications and websites you
interact with daily.

1 Data Collection
Gathering and inputting structured information into the database

2 Data Storage
Organizing and storing data efficiently in tables or other structures

3 Data Retrieval
Accessing and querying stored data for various purposes

4 Data Management
Updating, securing, and maintaining the integrity of stored data
Advantages of a Database
1.Sharing of Data
2. Data Redundancy
3. Data Inconsistency
4. Confidentiality
5. Highly Securable
Types of DBMS (Relational, Hierarchical, Net
Database Management Systems come in various types, each designed to cater to different data structures and
organizational needs. The three primary types of DBMS are Relational, Hierarchical, and Network. Relational
DBMS, the most common type, organizes data into tables with rows and columns, allowing for easy data
manipulation and retrieval using SQL. Examples include MySQL and Oracle.

Hierarchical DBMS arranges data in a tree-like structure, with parent-child relationships between records. This
model is efficient for one-to-many relationships but less flexible for complex data structures. Network DBMS, an
extension of the hierarchical model, allows for many-to-many relationships, providing more flexibility in data
representation but increasing complexity in data management.

Relational DBMS Hierarchical DBMS Network DBMS

Organizes data in tables with rows Arranges data in a tree-like Supports many-to-many
and columns. Supports complex structure with parent-child relationships between data
queries and is widely used in relationships. Efficient for one-to- elements. More flexible than
business applications. many relationships. hierarchical but more complex to
manage.
DBMS Concepts (Tables, Rows, Columns, Keys)
Understanding the fundamental concepts of DBMS is crucial for effective database design and management. Tables are the
primary objects in a relational database, representing entities or concepts. Each table consists of rows (also called records or
tuples) that represent individual instances of the entity, and columns (also known as fields or attributes) that describe specific
characteristics of the entity.

Keys play a vital role in establishing relationships between tables and ensuring data integrity. The primary key uniquely identifies
each row in a table, while foreign keys create links between related tables. Other important concepts include indexes for faster
data retrieval, constraints for maintaining data consistency, and views for presenting subsets of data to users.

Tables Rows
Structured collections of data organized into rows and columns, Individual records in a table, each representing a unique
representing entities or concepts in the database. instance of the entity being described.

Columns Keys
Attributes or fields that define specific characteristics of the Special fields used to uniquely identify records and establish
entity represented by the table. relationships between tables, including primary and foreign
keys.
Features of DBMS
1. Data Security: Protects data from unauthorized access and ensures that only authorized users can perform specific
operations on the data.

2. Data Integrity: Maintains the accuracy and consistency of data throughout its lifecycle, ensuring that data
remains reliable and valid.

3. Data Backup and Recovery: Provides mechanisms to backup data regularly and recover it in case of hardware
failures, data corruption, or other disasters.

4. Data Independence: Allows changes to the data structure without affecting the application, ensuring that
applications can evolve independently of the data storage.
 Database Design Principles (Normalization)
Database design principles are essential for creating efficient, scalable, and maintainable databases. Normalization is a key
concept in this process, aiming to organize data to minimize redundancy and dependency. It involves breaking down large tables
into smaller, more focused tables and establishing relationships between them. This approach reduces data duplication, improves
data integrity, and makes the database more flexible for future changes.

The normalization process typically involves several normal forms, each building upon the previous one. First Normal Form (1NF)
ensures that each column contains atomic values and there are no repeating groups. Second Normal Form (2NF) builds on 1NF by
removing partial dependencies. Third Normal Form (3NF) further refines the structure by eliminating transitive dependencies. Higher
normal forms exist for more complex scenarios, but 3NF is often sufficient for most applications.

1 2 3 4

First Normal Form (1NF) Second Normal Third Normal Form Further Normalization
Eliminate repeating groups
Form (2NF) (3NF) Apply higher normal forms
and ensure atomic values Remove partial Eliminate transitive for specific complex
in columns dependencies on the dependencies between scenarios
primary key non-key columns
SQL (Structured Query Language) Basics
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard language for managing and manipulating relational databases. It provides a
powerful set of commands for creating, modifying, and querying database structures and data. SQL is divided into several
sublanguages, including Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database structures, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for
managing data within tables, and Data Control Language (DCL) for controlling access to the database.

Key SQL concepts include SELECT statements for retrieving data, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements for modifying data, and
various clauses like WHERE, GROUP BY, and JOIN for filtering and combining data. Understanding these basics is crucial for effective
database management and forms the foundation for more advanced database operations and optimizations.

1 Data Definition Language (DDL) 2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

CREATE, ALTER, DROP commands for managing database SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE for managing data
structures within tables

3 Data Control Language (DCL) 4 Query Optimization

GRANT, REVOKE for managing user permissions and access Techniques for improving query performance and efficiency
control
Creating and Managing Databases using SQL
Creating and managing databases using SQL involves a series of steps, from designing the database structure to implementing it and populating it
with data. The process begins with creating the database itself using the CREATE DATABASE command. Once the database is created, tables are
defined using CREATE TABLE statements, specifying column names, data types, and constraints such as primary keys and foreign keys.

Managing the database involves ongoing tasks such as adding or modifying tables with ALTER TABLE commands, creating indexes for improved query
performance, and setting up views for simplified data access. It's also important to implement backup and recovery procedures to protect against data
loss. As the database grows and evolves, you may need to optimize its structure, add new relationships between tables, or modify existing ones to
accommodate changing requirements.
Design Database Schema
Plan the structure of your database, including tables, relationships, and constraints

Create Database and Tables

Use SQL commands to create the database and define table structures

Populate Tables with Data

Insert initial data into tables using INSERT statements or data import tools

Manage and Optimize

Regularly maintain the database, create indexes, and optimize for performance
Implementing CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete)
CRUD operations form the foundation of data manipulation in databases. These four basic functions – Create, Read, Update, and Delete – allow users
to interact with and manage data stored in the database. In SQL, these operations correspond to specific commands: INSERT for Create, SELECT for
Read, UPDATE for Update, and DELETE for Delete. Mastering these operations is crucial for effective database management and application
development.

Implementing CRUD operations requires careful consideration of data integrity and consistency. For example, when creating new records, it's
important to validate input data and handle potential duplicate entries. Reading data often involves complex queries with joins and filtering to
retrieve specific information. Updating records must be done carefully to avoid unintended changes, while deleting data should include safeguards
against accidental data loss. Proper implementation of CRUD operations ensures that the database remains accurate, up-to-date, and reliable.

Operation SQL Command Description

Create INSERT Add new records to a table

Read SELECT Retrieve data from one or more tables

Update UPDATE Modify existing records in a table

Delete DELETE Remove records from a table

DDL Commands
1. Data Definition Language (DDL): Data definition
language (DDL) commands enable you to perform the
following tasks:

Create, alter, and drop schema objects

• Grant and revoke privileges and roles

• Add comments to the data dictionary

2. Transaction Control Language (TCL): Transaction control commands manage changes

made by DML commands. These SQL commands are used for managing changes
affecting the data. These commands are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.
3. Data Control Language (DCL): It is used to create roles, permissions, and referential
integrity as well it is used to control access to the database by securing it. These SQL
commands are used for providing security to database objects. These commands are
GRANT and REVOKE.

4. Data Manipulation Language (DML): These SQL commands are used for storing, retrieving,
modifying, and deleting data. These commands are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

A Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a family of syntax elements similar to a computer

programming language used for selecting, inserting, deleting and updating data in a database.
Performing read-only queries of data is sometimes also considered a component of DML.
Database Security and Access Control
Database security and access control are critical aspects of DBMS that protect sensitive information from unauthorized access,
modification, or destruction. Implementing robust security measures involves multiple layers of protection, including user
authentication, encryption, and access control mechanisms. User authentication ensures that only verified users can access the
database, typically through username and password combinations or more advanced methods like biometric authentication.

Access control in DBMS is implemented through user privileges and roles. Database administrators can grant or revoke specific
permissions to users or groups, controlling their ability to view, modify, or delete data. Encryption protects data both in transit
and at rest, ensuring that even if unauthorized access occurs, the data remains unreadable. Regular security audits, monitoring
of database activities, and implementing proper backup and recovery procedures are also essential components of a
comprehensive database security strategy.

Authentication Authorization Encryption Auditing

Verify user identities before Control user permissions and Protect sensitive data from Monitor and log database
granting access to the access levels within the unauthorized viewing or activities for security analysis
database database tampering
Practical Demonstration and Hands-on Activities
The practical demonstration and hands-on activities section is where students apply their theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios. This practical
experience is crucial for reinforcing concepts and developing the skills necessary for effective database management. Activities may include designing and
implementing a small database project, writing SQL queries to solve specific problems, and troubleshooting common database issues.

Hands-on exercises might involve creating tables, inserting sample data, and performing various CRUD operations. Students may also practice more
advanced tasks such as implementing database normalization, creating complex queries with joins and subqueries, and setting up basic security
measures. These activities not only solidify understanding but also prepare students for the challenges they may face in real-world database management
scenarios.

Database Design Exercise SQL Query Practice Group Project

Students create entity-relationship diagrams and Hands-on exercises for writing and optimizing Collaborative database development simulating
implement database schemas SQL queries real-world scenarios
Thank You