Computer

Communication
Networks
Class Room (BSEE22): https://
classroom.google.com/c/NzQ1OTk1Nzg4NzU2?cjc=7uw2hs3
Class Room (BSCE22):
https://classroom.google.com/c/NzQ1OTk2MTkwNjI4?cjc=b6o5frr

Introduction: 1-1
Assessment Weight-ages
 Assignments: 10 %
 Quizzes: 10 %
 Mid Term Exam: 30 %
 Project: 10 %
 Final Exam: 40 %

Introduction: 1-2
Chapter 1
Introductio
n

Computer Networking: A
Top-Down Approach
8th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Pearson, 2020
Introduction: 1-3
Chapter 1: introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
 Get “feel,” “big picture,”  What is the Internet? What is a
introduction to terminology protocol?
• more depth, detail later in  Network edge: hosts, access network,
course physical media
 Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
 Performance: loss, delay, throughput
 Protocol layers, service models
 Security

Introduction: 1-4
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
 hosts = end systems
 running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
 routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
 fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

 transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks enterprise
 collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
Introduction: 1-5
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
 End systems are connected together by a network of communication
links and packet switches.
 Different links can transmit data at different rates, with the
transmission rate of a link measured in bits/second.
 When one end system has data to send to another end system, the
sending end system segments the data and adds header bytes to
each segment. The resulting packages of information, known as
packets in the jargon of computer networks, are then sent through
the network to the destination end system, where they are
reassembled into the original data.

Introduction: 1-6
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
 A packet switch takes a packet arriving on one of its incoming
communication links and forwards that packet on one of its outgoing
communication links.
 Packet switches come in many shapes and flavors, but the two most
prominent types in today’s Internet are routers and link-layer
switches.
 Both types of switches forward packets toward their ultimate
destinations. Link-layer switches are typically used in access
networks, while routers are typically used in the network core.

Introduction: 1-7
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
 The sequence of communication links and packet switches traversed
by a packet from the sending end system to the receiving end system
is known as a route or path through the network.

Introduction: 1-8
 Example
 Packet-switched networks (which transport packets) are in many ways similar to
transportation networks of highways, roads, and intersections (which transport vehicles).
 Consider, for example, a factory that needs to move a large amount of cargo to some
destination warehouse located thousands of kilometers away. At the factory, the cargo is
segmented and loaded into a fleet of trucks. Each of the trucks then independently
travels through the network of highways, roads, and intersections to the destination
warehouse. At the destination warehouse, the cargo is unloaded and grouped with the
rest of the cargo arriving from the same shipment. Thus, in many ways, packets are
analogous to trucks, communication links are analogous to highways and roads, packet
switches are analogous to intersections, and end systems are analogous to buildings. Just
as a truck takes a path through the transportation network, a packet takes a path through
a computer network.
 Q: End systems access the Internet through ???

Introduction: 1-9
 End systems, packet switches, and other pieces of the Internet run
protocols that control the sending and receiving of information
within the Internet. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the
Internet Protocol (IP) are two of the most important protocols in the
Internet.

Introduction: 1-10
“Fun” Internet-connected
devices Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

bikes

Pacemaker & Monitor

Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +

IP picture frame
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote cars
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized, scooters
bed
mattress

Gaming devices
Others?
Internet phones Fitbit
Introduction: 1-11
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
mobile network
4G
 Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
 protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
video
• control sending, receiving of
local or
messages regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
home network
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet content
provider
HTTP network
 Internet standards
datacenter
network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task TCP
enterprise
Force network

WiFi
Introduction: 1-12
Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)
 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and promotes
internet standards, ensuring interoperability and functionality across
networks.
 The standards are documented as Requests for Comments (RFCs),
which are formal technical and organizational notes that describe
protocols, procedures, and policies for the internet.
 Each RFC is uniquely numbered and publicly accessible. For example,
the foundational internet protocol, IPv4, is documented in RFC 791.

Introduction: 1-13
The Internet: a “services” view
 Infrastructure that provides mobile network

services to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia

teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video
connected appliances local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
HTTP network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-14
The Internet: a “services” view
 The Internet is like a platform that allows different applications, like
email, web browsing, and video streaming, to work by connecting
devices and exchanging data.
 These applications run on end systems (like computers or phones)
and use the Internet to send information to each other. Routers and
switches help transfer the data but don’t interact with the apps
themselves.
 Developers create these apps by writing programs that use the
Internet to deliver data between devices.

Introduction: 1-15
What’s a protocol?
 A protocol is a set of rules and standards that define how data is
transmitted and received over a network.
 It ensures proper communication between devices by specifying the
format, timing, sequencing, and error handling during data exchange.

Introduction: 1-16
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Introduction: 1-17
 Virtualization Overview
 What is Virtualization?
• Virtualization is the process of creating virtual versions of hardware resources
such as CPUs, memory, storage, and network interfaces. VMware Workstation
is a tool that enables this on a desktop system.
 Purpose of Virtualization:
• Testing multiple operating systems without needing physical hardware.
• Setting up virtual labs for learning and development.

Introduction: 1-18
 What is a Hypervisor?
 A hypervisor is software that allows multiple operating systems (OS)
to run simultaneously on a single physical machine by creating and
managing virtual machines (VMs).
 Each VM operates independently, as if it were a separate physical
computer, with its own OS and hardware resources (CPU, memory,
storage, etc.).
 Hypervisors are a core component of virtualization technology and
are classified into two main types:
• Type 1 Hypervisor (Bare-Metal Hypervisor)
• Type 2 Hypervisor (Hosted Hypervisor)

Introduction: 1-19
 Types of Hypervisors
 Type 1 Hypervisor (Bare-Metal Hypervisor)
• Runs directly on the physical hardware without requiring an underlying
operating system.
• Examples: VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, Xen, KVM.
• Use Case: Data centers, enterprise environments, and large-scale virtualized
infrastructures.
 Type 2 Hypervisor (Hosted Hypervisor)
• Runs on top of an existing operating system (host OS).
• Relies on the host OS to manage hardware resources.
• Examples: VMware Workstation, Oracle VirtualBox, Microsoft Virtual PC.
• Use Case: Personal use, software testing, and development on a single machine.

Introduction: 1-20
 VMware Workstation
 It is installed on a host operating system (e.g., Windows or Linux) and
uses the host OS to access hardware resources like CPU, memory,
and storage.
 It allows users to create, configure, and run virtual machines on their
desktop or laptop for testing, development, or learning purposes.

Introduction: 1-21
 Basic Workflow in VMware Workstation
 Installing VMware Workstation:
• Install the software on a Windows or Linux host machine.
 Creating a Virtual Machine (VM):
• Choose the OS for the VM.
• Configure resources like CPU, RAM, disk size, and network settings.
 Installing Guest OS:
• Use an ISO file or bootable disk to install the chosen operating system on the VM.
 Taking Snapshots:
• Save the VM state before making changes to avoid data loss.
 Connecting Networks:
• Select a network mode (Bridged, NAT, or Host-Only) based on the project requirements.

Introduction: 1-22
 Why VMware Workstation is
Useful?
 It simplifies learning and testing environments by allowing users to
run multiple OS instances on a single machine.
 It provides features like snapshots, cloning, and virtual network
setup, making it ideal for networking and systems engineering
students.
 In conclusion, VMware Workstation is indeed a Type 2 Hypervisor,
widely used for personal, academic, and small-scale professional
applications.

Introduction: 1-23
Chapter 1: roadmap
 What is the Internet?
 What is a protocol?
 Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
 Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
 Performance: loss, delay, throughput
 Security
 Protocol layers, service models
 History
Introduction: 1-24
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

 hosts: clients and servers

 servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-25
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

 hosts: clients and servers

 servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

 wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-26
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

 hosts: clients and servers

 servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

 wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter

Network core:
network

 interconnected routers
 network of networks enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-27
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network

to edge router?
national or global ISP

 residential access nets

 institutional access networks (school,
company)
local or
 mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-28
What is an Access Network?
 An access network is the part of a computer network that connects
end devices (like computers, smartphones, and IoT devices) to the
broader network infrastructure, such as the Internet or a service
provider's core network.
 It acts as the "last mile" link between the user's device and the core
or backbone network.

Introduction: 1-29
Types of Access Networks
 Wired Access Networks:
• Ethernet: Used in LANs (Local Area Networks) within buildings or campuses.
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Provides Internet access over telephone lines.
• Fiber Optics: High-speed data transfer through optical cables (e.g., FTTH -
Fiber to the Home).
 Wireless Access Networks:
• Wi-Fi: Wireless access within homes, offices, or public areas.
• Cellular Networks: 4G, 5G, and earlier technologies for mobile devices.
• Satellite Internet: For remote areas without traditional wired or wireless
coverage

Introduction: 1-30
Real-World Example
 When you connect your laptop to a Wi-Fi network, the router serves
as part of the access network, allowing your laptop to communicate
with your Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP then connects you
to the larger Internet through its core network.

Introduction: 1-31
Access networks: home networks
Wireless and wired
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-32
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
 via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs)  provided by mobile, cellular network
 typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft)  10’s Mbps
 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450  4G cellular networks (5G coming)
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-33
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers

 companies, universities, etc.

 mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
 Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
 WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-34
 Access networks: data center networks
mobile network
 high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s Gbps) national or global ISP
connect hundreds to thousands of
servers together, and to Internet

local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing enterprise

Center (mghpcc.org) network

Introduction: 1-35
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
 takes application message
 breaks into smaller chunks, known two packets,
as packets, of length L bits L bits each
 transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1

• link transmission rate, aka link host

capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction: 1-36
What is Packet Transmission
Delay?
 Packet transmission delay is the time it takes to push all the bits of a
packet onto a transmission medium (like a cable or wireless link).
 It depends on the size of the packet and the transmission rate
(bandwidth) of the link.
 Transmission Delay = Packet Size (bits) / Transmission Rate (bits/second)

Introduction: 1-37
Example
 Imagine you are sending a packet with:
• Packet size = 1,000,000 bits (1 Megabit or Mb)
• Transmission rate = 10 Mbps (10 Megabits per second)
• Transmission Delay = ??

Introduction: 1-38
Links: physical media
 bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs  two insulated copper wires
 physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
 guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction: 1-39
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper conductors  glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel  low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction: 1-40
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
 signal carried in various  Wireless LAN (WiFi)
“bands” in electromagnetic • 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
spectrum  wide-area (e.g., 4G cellular)
 no physical “wire” • 10’s Mbps over ~10 Km
 broadcast, “half-duplex” (sender  Bluetooth: cable replacement
to receiver) • short distances, limited rates
 propagation environment  terrestrial microwave
effects: • point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
• reflection  satellite
• obstruction by objects • up to 45 Mbps per channel
• Interference/noise • 270 msec end-end delay
Introduction: 1-41
The network core
 The network core is the central part of mobile network
national or global ISP
a communication network that
connects different smaller networks
(like your home Wi-Fi or mobile
networks) and makes sure data is
efficiently sent between them. Think of local or
regional ISP
it as the highway system of the
home network
Internet, where data packets (like cars) content
provider
travel to reach their destinations network datacenter
network

quickly and reliably.

 mesh of interconnected routers enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-42
The network core
 Main Job:
• The network core moves data between different networks, ensuring it
reaches the right place efficiently.
 High Speed:
• It uses powerful devices (routers and switches) and fast cables (like fiber
optics) to handle large amounts of data.
 Global Connectivity:
• It connects users, servers, and services worldwide.

Introduction: 1-43
Example
 When you send a message on WhatsApp:
• The message starts from your phone (access network).
• It travels to WhatsApp servers through the network core, which connects
your ISP (Internet Service Provider) to WhatsApp’s servers.
• The reply from your friend also goes back through the network core to reach
your phone.

Introduction: 1-44
 Packet-switching: store-and-
forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 packet transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to One-hop numerical example:

transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps  L = 10 Kbits
 store and forward: entire packet must arrive at  R = 100 Mbps
router before it can be transmitted on next link  one-hop transmission delay
= 0.1 msec

Introduction: 1-45
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
mobile network
 hosts connect to Internet via access national or global ISP
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
 access ISPs in turn must be
interconnected
• so that any two hosts (anywhere!) local or
regional ISP
can send packets to each other
 resulting network of networks is home network content
provider
very complex network datacenter
network

• evolution driven by economics, enterprise

national policies network

Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet structure

Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-47
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-48
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-49
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will
want to be connected
Internet exchange point
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-50
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
regional ISP access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-51