Basic Electrical Engineering

(4 Credits)

Theory (100 Marks) 3 Credits Practical (100 Marks) 1 Credit

Internal Assessment End Semester Examination Internal Assessment End Semester

(40 Marks) (60 Marks) (40 Marks) Examination
(60 Marks)
Basic Electrical Engineering
 Book

• B.L. Theraja and A.K. Theraja, A Textbook of Electrical

Technology, Vol. 1 & 2.
Basic Electrical Engineering
What is Electrical Engineering?
What is Electronics Engineering?
Name some Electrical Devices.
Name some Electronic Devices.
Identify Electrical and Electronic
Devices

Fan, Tubelight, Bulb (Filament based),

Motor, Cooler, Heater, Computer,
Laptop, TV, Radio, Music System, Disk
Players, Calculator, Mobile phone etc.
Electrical Devices: Fan, Tubelight, Bulb
(Filament based), Motor, Cooler, Heater etc.

Electronic Devices: Computer, Laptop, TV,

Radio, Music System, Disk Players,
Calculator, Mobile phone etc.
 Electronics
Electronics is that branch of Science or
Engineering in which we deal with current
conduction through semiconductors or
vacuum.
Electronic Devices: Computer, Laptop, TV,
Radio, Music System, Disk Players,
Calculator, Mobile phone etc.

Electrical Devices: Fan, Tubelight, Bulb

(Filament based), Motor, Cooler, Heater etc.
 Electronic Components
Examples: Diode, Transistor, Diode Valve,
Triode Valve etc.
 Electrical Components
Examples: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor
etc.
Identify Electrical and Electronic
Circuits
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
Circuit 3
Circuit 4
Circuit 5
What is Resistance?
 Resistance

• Resistance is the opposition offered to the

flow of electrons in any circuit.
• The electrons coming from battery passes
through the conductor, these electrons collide
with the electrons already present in the
conductor material and produce heat.
 Reactance

• Reactance is the inertia against the flow of

electrons.
• .
 Impedance

• Impedance is a comprehensive expression

which represents any or all types of
oppositions offered to electronic flow.
Resistances
 Resistances in Series
• When resistors are joined end-on-end as
shown in figure they are said to be connected
in series.
Being in series,
1. Current is same through all the three resistors
2. But voltage drop across each resistor is
different due to its different resistance
3. Sum of three voltage drops is equal to the
applied voltage V across the circuit

V=V1+V2+V3
 Equivalent Resistance

 V=V1+V2+V3=IR1+IR2+IR3

But V=IR

 IR=IR1+IR2+IR3

or
R=R1+R2+R3
If there are ‘n’ number of resistances (R1, R2,
R3 .......Rn ) in series then equivalent resistance

R=R1+R2+R3+........+Rn
 Example

Calculate the equivalent resistance between A

and B points of the circuit shown below.

Ans. 10 Ω +20 Ω +30 Ω +40 Ω =100Ω

 Voltage Divider Law

V=V1+V2+V3+........+Vn -(1)

V=IR1+IR2+IR3+........+IRn -(2)
-(4)

-(5)

-(6)

-(7)

-(8)
-(9)

-(10)

-(11)

-(12)
 Example
Find the values of V1 and V2 in the circuit
below.
 Example
Find the values of V1 and V2 in the circuit
below.
 Resistances in Parallel

• The resistances as joined in figure are said to

be connected in parallel.
• In this case, potential difference across all the
resistances is the same
• Current in each resistor is different
• The total current is the sum of the three
separate currents

I=I1+I2+I3
 Equivalent Resistance




or
 Example
Calculate the equivalent resistance between A and
B points of the circuit shown below.

Ans. 1/(0.1Ω+0.05 Ω+0.033Ω)=5.46 Ω

 Current Division Law

V=I1R1

V=I2R2
From eq. (1)

-
(2)
and
-
(3)

KCL at node A gives

Which implies
-
Put eq. (5) in eq. (2)

-(6)
Put eq. (4) in eq. (3)

-(7)
 Another Case

V=I1R1 -(1)
V=I2R2 -(2)
V=I3R3 -(3)
V=IR -(4)
 IR=I1R1 -(5)
IR=I2R2 -(6)
IR=I3R3 -(7)
From eq. (5), (6) and (7)

-(8)

-(9)

-(10)
Since

-(11)
or

-(12)

eq. (8), (9) and (10) become


-(13)
 -
(14)

-
(15)
 Example

• Find currents I1 and I2 in the circuit below.

 Example

• Find currents I1 and I2 in the circuit below.

 Example

• Find currents I1 , I2 and I3 in the circuit below.

Selection of Material for Resistors

Material Resistivity
Silver 1.59X10-8 Ω-m
Copper 1.68X10-8 Ω-m
Carbon 3X10-5 Ω-m
Glass 109 Ω-m
 Types of Resistors

(a) Carbon composition resistor

It is a combination of carbon particles and
binding resin with different proportions for
providing desired resistance.
(b) Deposited Carbon resistor
Deposited carbon resistors consist of ceramic
rods which have a carbon film deposited on
them.
(c) High Voltage Ink film resistor
These resistors consist of a ceramic base on
which a special resistive ink is laid down in a
helical band. These resistors are capable of
withstanding high voltages.
(d) Metal film resistor
Metal film resistors are made by depositing
vaporized metal in vacuum on a ceramic-core
rod. Metal film resistors have excellent
tolerance and temperature coefficient and are
extremely reliable.
(e) Metal Glaze resistor
A metal glaze resistor consists of a metal glass
mixture which is applied as a thick film to a
ceramic substrate and then fired to form a film.
The value of resistance depends on the amount
of metal in the mixture.
(f) Wire wound resistor
Wire-wound resistors consist of a ceramic-core
wound with a drawn wire. Different wire alloys
are used for providing different resistance
ranges. These resistors have highest stability and
highest power rating.
(g) Cermet resistor
The cermet resistors are made by firing certain
metals blended with ceramics on a ceramic
substrate. The value of resistance depends on
the type of mix and its thickness. These resistors
have very accurate resistance values and show
high stability even under extreme temperatures.
 Relative Potential

It is the voltage of one point in a circuit with

respect to that of another point (usually called
the reference or common point).
Reference Point
 Example
• Calculate voltages VAB, VAC, VAD, VAE, VBC, VCD,
VDE, VED, VEC, VEB and VEA.
 Ohm’s Law

The ratio of potential difference (V) between any

two points on a conductor to the current (I)
flowing between them, is constant and is equal to
resistance R of the conductor, provided the
temperature of the conductor does not change

where R is the resistance of the conductor

between the two points considered.
 Proof
Suppose the length of a metallic wire or
conductor shown is l and its area of cross
section is A. When a potential difference V is
applied between its ends, an electric current I
flows in it.
The volume of the above conductor is Al.
If the free electrons per unit volume be ‘n’ in
the wire, then the number of free electrons in
this volume is nAl.
Therefore, the total charge ‘q’ in this section is
q=number of free electrons in this volume x
charge per electron i.e.
-
(1)
The current in the conductor is given by
-
(2)

where ‘t’ is the time required for the electrons

to move through a displacement ‘l’ and
is the drift velocity of the electrons.
Electric field at every point of the wire is
-(3)

The force exerted by the field on each free

electron is
-(4)
 *

If the mass of electron be ‘m’, then the

acceleration of the electron due to this force is
-
(5)

The velocity acquired by the electron due to

acceleration ‘a’ in time τ is drift velocity vd
given
-
(6)
From eq.(5) in eq.(6)
-
(7)

from eq. (7) in eq. (2)

-
(8)
 -
(10)

is a constant at a given
temperature
for a given wire. This is called electric
resistance R of the wire.
Experimental Verification
v=u+at
Because u=0 initial velocity after collision
and
t= τ
Therefore,
 Energy Sources

• Electrical energy sources are the devices in

which electrical energy is generated by the
conversion of some other form of energy.
• The conversion may be reversible or may not
be reversible.
• Electrical energy sources are distinguished in
two general classes i.e. Voltage source and
Current source.
• If voltage output is relatively independent of
the circuit to which it is connected, the device
is called a voltage source.
• If over wide ranges the output current tends
to be independent of the connected circuit, it
is treated as a current source.
 Symbols

• Voltage source

• Current Source
 Independent, Dependent (or Controlled) and
Ideal Sources
(a) Dependent or controlled voltage source
 Case 1: Vi=9V, Ri=100Ω and RL=100Ω

Dependent or controlled voltage source

 Case 2: Vi=9V, Ri=100Ω and RL=1000Ω

Dependent or controlled voltage source

(b) Independent voltage source
Ideal voltage source
(c) Dependent or controlled current source
(d) Independent current source
Example 1. Identify this source
Example 2. Identify this source
v=u+at
Because u=0 initial velocity after collision
v=vd and t= τ
Therefore,
 Kirchoff’s Laws

• First Law: Kirchoff’s Current Law

• Second Law: Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
 Kirchoff’s Current Law

In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of

the currents meeting at a point (or junction) is
zero.
i.e. mathematically
∑ I =0
Example
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of the products of currents

and resistances in each of the conductors in
any closed path (or mesh) in a network plus
the algebraic sum of the e.m.fs. in that path is
zero.
i.e. Σ IR + Σ e.m.f. = 0
 Determination of Voltage Sign

(a) Sign of Battery E.M.F.

As we go from the −ve terminal of a
battery to its +ve terminal, there is a rise in
potential, hence this voltage should be given a
+ ve sign.
 If, on the other hand, we go from +ve
terminal to −ve terminal, then there is a fall in
potential, hence this voltage should be
preceded by a –ve sign.
(b) Sign of IR Drop
If we go through a resistor in the same
direction as the current, then there is a fall in
potential because current flows from a higher
to a lower potential. Hence, this voltage fall
should be taken −ve.
 However, if we go in a direction opposite
to that of the current, then there is a rise in
voltage. Hence, this voltage rise should be
given a positive sign.
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
 Example

Find the unknown voltage V1 in the circuit of

figure below.
Taking the outer closed loop ABCDEFA and
applying KVL to it, we get
 Example

Determine the currents in the unbalanced

bridge circuit of figure below. Also, determine
the p.d. across BD.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage
Law to circuit DACD, we get

-(1)

Circuit ABCA gives

-2x + 2z + 3y + 3z + 4z = 0
-2x + 3y + 9z = 0 -(2)
Circuit DABED gives

-x-2x + 2z -2x -2y +2=0

-(3)
Solving eq. (1), (2) and (3) for x, y and z we get
VDB + Vr = 2V

VDB = 2V – Vr
Example
 Example

Find the voltages V1, V2 and V3 in the circuit

below.
 Delta-Star Transformation

• Suppose we are given three resistances R12,

R23 and R31 connected in delta fashion
between terminals 1, 2 and 3 as shown in
figure below
• These three resistances can be replaced by the
three resistances R1, R2 and R3 connected in
star given in Fig.
• These two arrangements will be electrically
equivalent if the resistance as measured
between any pair of terminals is the same in
both the arrangements.
• First, take delta connection : Between
terminals 1 and 2, there are two parallel
paths; one having a resistance of R12 and the
other having a resistance of (R23 + R31)
i.e.
• Therefore, resistance between terminals 1 and
2 is
• Now, take star connection : The resistance
between the same terminals 1 and 2 is
(R1 + R2).
• As terminal resistances have to be the same

• -(1)
• Again, take delta connection : Between
terminals 2 and 3, there are two parallel
paths; one having a resistance of R23 and the
other having a resistance of (R12 + R31)
i.e.
• Now, again take star connection : The
resistance between the same terminals 2 and
3 is
(R2 + R3).
• As terminal resistances have to be the same

-(2)
• Similarly, for terminals 3 and 1, we get

-
(3)
-(1)

-(2)

-(3)
we get

-(4)

-(5)

-(6)
Example
Example
 Star-Delta Conversion

• Equations (4), (5) and (6) can be rearranged as

• Divide eq. (7) by eq. (9), we get
Divide eq. (8) by eq. (9), we get
put these values in eq. (7)

-
(10)
• Divide eq. (7) by eq. (9), we get
• Divide eq. (7) by eq. (8), we get
put these values in eq. (8)

-
(11)
• Divide eq. (7) by eq. (8), we get
• Divide eq. (8) by eq. (9), we get
put these values in eq. (9)

-
(12)
 Example

Compute the network resistance measured

between A & B.
 Source Conversion

• A given voltage source with a series resistance

can be converted into an equivalent current
source with a parallel resistance.
Example
Equivalence of Sources
• Conversely, a current source with a parallel
resistance can be converted into a voltage
source with a series resistance.
 Example

Find the equivalent voltage source for the

current source in figure.
 Example
Use Source conversion technique to find load
current IL in the circuit.
 Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s theorem states that any two
terminal linear network containing voltage
source and resistances can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit containing a voltage source
VTH in series with a resistance RTH. The value of
VTH is the open circuit voltage between the
output terminals of the network and R TH is the
resistance measured between the output
terminals of the network with all the voltage
sources eliminated (i.e. replaced by their
internal resistances) .
Original Circuit
Step 1: Remove RL
Step 2: Find VTH
 Step 3: Remove battery (replace it by its internal
resistance or wire (i.e. short circuit)) and then find R TH
Step 4: Draw Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
Step 5: Connect Thevenin’s equivalent circuit to
load resistance RL
Equivalence of circuits

=
 Example

Find the Thevenin’s equivalent network of the

two terminal network shown in figure.
Solution
Advantages:- Number of components reduced
 Size reduced
 Weight reduced
 Cost reduced
 Power consumption reduced
 Troubleshooting easy
 Example
Using Thevenin’s theorem, calculate the
current through RL in the given circuit.
 Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s theorem states that a linear bilateral
two terminal network containing voltage source
and resistances may be replaced by an
equivalent current source IN which is in parallel
with a resistance RN. The current IN is equal to
the current which would flow in a short circuit
placed across the output terminals and parallel
resistance is the resistance of the network when
viewed from these open circuited terminals
after all voltage sources have been removed and
replaced by their internal resistances.
Original Circuit
Step 1: Remove RL
Step 2: Find IN
 Step 3: Remove battery (replace it by its internal
resistance or wire (i.e. short circuit)) and then find RN
Step 4: Draw Norton’s equivalent circuit
Step 5: Connect Norton’s equivalent circuit to
load resistance RL
Equivalence of circuits

=
=
=
 Example
Convert the following linear network into
Norton’s equivalent network.
 Example
Convert the following linear network into
Norton’s equivalent network.
 Superposition Theorem
In a network of linear resistances containing more
than one generator (or source of e.m.f.), the
current which flows at any point is the algebraic
sum of all the currents which would flow at that
point if each generator was considered separately
and all the other generators replaced for the time
being by resistances equal to their internal
resistances.
Circuit 1
I=I’ ̴ I” =10 A - 5 A =5 A
Circuit 2
I1=I’1 ̴ I’’1
I2=I’2 ̴ I’’2
I3=I’3 + I’’3
I1=I’1 ̴ I’’1
I2=I’2 ̴ I’’2
I3=I’3 + I’’3
 Example
Using Superposition theorem, find the current
in 5Ω resistor connected across in the network
shown in figure.
I3=I’3 + I’’3 =0.455 A+0.91 A=1.365 A
 Example

In the figure below, find the different currents

flowing in the branches.
I1= I’’1 - I’1=1.6-1.2=0.4 A
I2=I’’2 - I’2 =2.4-0.8=1.6A
I3=I’3 + I’’3 =0.4+0.8=1.2A
 Nodal Analysis or Node Voltage Analysis
For application of node voltage method one of the
node is taken as reference node or zero potential
node and the potential difference between each of
the other nodes and the reference node is
expressed in terms of an unknown voltage
(symbolised as V1, V2 etc.) and at every node
Kirchoff’s current law is applied assuming possible
directions of branch current. By solving these
equations, nodal voltages are known to compute
the branch currents.
Using KCL at node 1
I1 + I2 –I3=0 -(1)
Using Ohm’s law in individual branches

-(2) -(4)

-(3)
put eq. (2), (3) & (4) in eq. (1)

-
(5)
 Illustration

-
(5)
Put VA, VB, R1, R2 and R3 in eq. (5)
 Mesh Analysis

In this method, one current is assumed for each

loop or mesh of the network. Then the equations
are written for each loop by applying KVL. The
individual loop currents are then determined by
solving these equations and then the currents in
the individual elements are found. The current
flowing through the branch common to two
meshes will be equal to the algebraic sum of two
loop currents flowing through it.
• Using KVL in mesh EBAFE
-5I1 -I1 -5 + 5I2 =0
-6I1 + 5I2 -5 =0
-6I1 + 5I2 = 5 - (1)

Using KVL in mesh DCBED

10 – I2 – 5I2 + 5I1 =0
10 – 6I2 + 5I1 =0
5I1 - 6I2 = -10 -(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) for I1 and I2 we get

I1=1.818A
I2=3.181A
In BE branch current will be I2 ̴ I1 =
3.181-1.818= 1.36 A
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Maximum power transfer theorem states that

maximum power is transferred from a source
to a load when load impedance is made equal
to the impedance of the source. Here the
impedance of the network is determined by
removing all energy sources by their internal
impedances.
 -(1)
Power consumed by the load will be
-(2)
-(3)

-(4)

-(5)
For PL to be maximum denominator is to be
minimum i.e.

and
or

-
(6)

-
(7)