Botswana Accountancy College

Computing & Information Systems

Module: Systems Development

Lecturer: MN

: The Systems Development Environment

Reference: Modern Systems Analysis and Design (6th Edition)

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 Learning Objectives
 Define information systems analysis and design.
 Describe the information Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC).
 Explain Rapid Application Development (RAD),
prototyping, Computer Aided Software Engineering
(CASE), and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).
 Describe agile methodologies and eXtreme
programming.
 Explain Object Oriented Analysis and Design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP).

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Introduction
 Information Systems Analysis and Design
 Complex organizational process
 Used to develop and maintain computer-
based information systems
 Used by a team of business and systems
professionals

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Introduction (Cont.)

FIGURE 1-1 An organizational approach to systems analysis and

design is driven by methodologies, techniques, and tools

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A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design
 1950s: focus on efficient automation of
existing processes
 1960s: advent of 3GL, faster and more
reliable computers
 1970s: system development becomes
more like an engineering discipline

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A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (Cont.)
 1980s: major breakthrough with 4GL,
CASE tools, object oriented methods
 1990s: focus on system integration, GUI
applications, client/server platforms,
Internet
 The new century: Web application
development, wireless PDAs, component-
based applications

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A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (Cont.)
 Application Software
 Computer software designed to support
organizational functions or processes
 Systems Analyst
 Organizational role most responsible for
analysis and design of information systems

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Developing Information Systems
 System Development Methodology is a
standard process followed in an
organization to conduct all the steps
necessary to analyze, design, implement,
and maintain information systems.

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Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
 Traditional methodology used to develop,
maintain, and replace information systems.
 Phases in SDLC:
 Planning
 Analysis
 Design
 Implementation
 Maintenance

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Standard and Evolutionary Views of
SDLC

FIGURE 1-3 Evolutionary model

FIGURE 1-2
The systems development life cycle

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Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Planning – an organization’s total
information system needs are identified,
analyzed, prioritized, and arranged
 Analysis – system requirements are
studied and structured

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Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Design – a description of the
recommended solution is converted into
logical and then physical system
specifications
 Logical design – all functional features of
the system chosen for development in
analysis are described independently of
any computer platform

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Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Physical design – the logical
specifications of the system from logical
design are transformed into the
technology-specific details from which all
programming and system construction can
be accomplished

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Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Implementation – the information system
is coded, tested, installed and supported in
the organization
 Maintenance – an information system is
systematically repaired and improved

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The Heart of the Systems Development Process
FIGURE 1-7
The analysis–design–code–test loop

Current practice combines analysis, design, and implementation

into a single iterative and parallel process of activities.
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Traditional Waterfall SDLC

One phase begins

when another
completes, with
little backtracking
and looping.

FIGURE 1-9
A traditional waterfall SDLC

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Problems with Waterfall Approach
 System requirements “locked in” after
being determined (can't change)
 Limited user involvement (only in
requirements phase)
 Too much focus on milestone deadlines of
SDLC phases to the detriment of sound
development practices

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Different Approaches to Improving
Development
 CASE Tools
 Rapid Application Development
(RAD)
 Agile Methodologies
 eXtreme Programming

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Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools
 Diagramming tools enable graphical
representation.
 Computer displays and report generators
help prototype how systems “look and
feel”.

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Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)
 Analysis tools automatically check for
consistency in diagrams, forms, and
reports.
 A central repository provides integrated
storage of diagrams, reports, and project
management specifications.

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Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)
 Documentation generators standardize
technical and user documentation.
 Code generators enable automatic
generation of programs and database
code directly from design documents,
diagrams, forms, and reports.

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CASE Tools (Cont.)

FIGURE 1-10
A class diagram from
IBM’s Rational Rose

(Source: IBM)

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CASE Tools (Cont.)

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Rapid Application Development
(RAD)
 Methodology to radically decrease
design and implementation time
 Involves: extensive user involvement,
prototyping, JAD sessions, integrated
CASE tools, and code generators

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Rapid Application Development
(RAD) (Cont.)

FIGURE 1-11
RAD life cycle

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Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA)
 An approach to systems development
based on building complete systems
through assembling software
components, each of which model
generic business functions

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Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
(Cont.)

FIGURE 1-12
Illustration of a service, a credit check,
used by applications and other services

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Agile Methodologies
 Motivated by recognition of software
development as fluid, unpredictable, and
dynamic
 Three key principles
 Adaptive rather than predictive
 Emphasize people rather than roles
 Self-adaptive processes

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The Agile
Methodologies group
argues that software
development
methodologies
adapted from
engineering generally
do not fit with real-
world software
development.

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When to use Agile Methodologies
 If your project involves:
 Unpredictable or dynamic requirements
 Responsible and motivated developers
 Customers who understand the process and
will get involved

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eXtreme Programming
 Short, incremental development cycles
 Automated tests
 Two-person programming teams

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eXtreme Programming (Cont.)
 Coding and testing operate together
 Advantages:
 Communication between developers
 High level of productivity
 High-quality code

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Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD)
 Based on objects rather than data or
processes
 Object: a structure encapsulating
attributes and behaviors of a real-
world entity

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Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD) (Cont.)
 Object class: a logical grouping of
objects sharing the same attributes
and behaviors
 Inheritance: hierarchical
arrangement of classes enable
subclasses to inherit properties of
superclasses

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Rational Unified Process (RUP)
 An object-oriented systems development
methodology
 RUP establishes four phase of
development: inception, elaboration,
construction, and transition.
 Each phase is organized into a number of
separate iterations.

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 FIGURE 1-13
Phases of OOSAD-based development

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Our Approach to Systems
Development
 The SDLC is an organizing and guiding
principle in this book.
 We may construct artificial boundaries or
artificially separate activities and
processes for learning purposes.
 Our intent is to help you understand all the
pieces and how to assemble them.

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Summary
 In this chapter you learned how to:
 Define information systems analysis and design.
 Describe the information Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC).
 Explain Rapid Application Development (RAD),
prototyping, Computer Aided Software Engineering
(CASE), and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).
 Describe agile methodologies and eXtreme
programming.
 Explain Object Oriented Analysis and Design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP).

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permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Prentice Hall

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