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Fluid Static OR Pressure Distribution in A Fluid: Chapter-02

The document discusses fluid statics, focusing on hydrostatic conditions where fluid velocity is zero, leading to pressure as the key parameter. It covers concepts such as Pascal's Law, pressure distribution in fluids, and the effects of gravity on pressure, along with definitions of atmospheric, gauge, and absolute pressure. Applications include the design of pressure instruments and understanding buoyancy in submerged bodies.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views70 pages

Fluid Static OR Pressure Distribution in A Fluid: Chapter-02

The document discusses fluid statics, focusing on hydrostatic conditions where fluid velocity is zero, leading to pressure as the key parameter. It covers concepts such as Pascal's Law, pressure distribution in fluids, and the effects of gravity on pressure, along with definitions of atmospheric, gauge, and absolute pressure. Applications include the design of pressure instruments and understanding buoyancy in submerged bodies.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID STATIC

OR
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
IN A FLUID
Chapter-02
Hydrostatic Condition
• When fluid velocity is zero, it is denoted as hydrostatic
condition and the fluid is known as static fluid.
• Under hydrostatic conditions the fluid pressure becomes
the most important parameter.
• In static fluids the effect of pressure on solid surfaces and
on floating and submerged bodies is an important area of
study.
• Important applications of this study are;
i. Pressure distribution in the atmosphere and the oceans.
ii. The design of manometer pressure instruments.
iii. Forces on submerged flat and curved surfaces.
iv. Buoyancy on a submerged body.
v. The behavior of floating bodies.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 2
Hydrostatic Condition
• Since the fluids is at rest, there will be no shearing
stresses.
• The only forces that develop on the surface of particles
will be due to pressure.
• Pressure distribution is due to weight of the fluid.
• Pressure is defined as the amount of surface force
exerted by a fluid on any boundary it is in contact with.
It can be written as:
Force
Pressure 
Area on which the force is applied
F
P
A

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 3


Pascal’s Law
Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a small volume
of fluid.

Fluid surfaces

Pressure acting
uniformly in all
directions

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 4


Pascal’s Law
In a fluid at rest (in a closed container), a pressure change
in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of
the fluid and to the walls of the container.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 5


Pascal’s Law
• In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, pressure acts
perpendicular to the boundary.

Furnace duct

Pipe or tube
Piston-cylinder

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 6


Pressure at a Point
Consider a Wedge of Fluid at
rest under equilibrium

No Shearing Stresses

Summation of Forces Must Equal


Zero

And o There is no pressure


change in the
horizontal direction
o There is a vertical
From Geometry
change in pressure
proportional to the
density, gravity, and
Hence depth change
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 7
Pressure at a Point

• In the limit as the fluid wedge shrinks to a point, Δz→0

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 8


Pressure Force on a Fluid Element
• How much force a fluid element will experience, when
under a certain pressure, p?
• Consider a fluid element of size dxdydz, for which
p=p(x,y,z,t).
• The net force in x-direction on the element is given by

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 9


Pressure Force on a Fluid Element

• The total net-force vector on the


• element due to pressure is given by

• The term in parentheses is the vector gradient of p.

• Thus it is not the pressure but the pressure gradient


causing a net force which must be balanced by gravity
or acceleration or some other effect in the fluid.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 10


Other Forces on a Fluid Element
• The pressure gradient is a surface force which acts on
the sides of the element.
• There may also be a body force, due to electromagnetic
or gravitational potentials, acting on the entire mass of
the element.
• we consider only the gravity force, or weight of the
P
element. z+z

Px ρgdxdydz
Px+x

Pz
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 11
Other Forces on a Fluid Element
• The resultant force of these three forces (pressure,
gravity, and viscous stress) must either keep the
element in equilibrium or cause it to move with
acceleration a.
• From Newton’s law, we have

Pz+z
• If the fluid is at rest or at constant
velocity, then a = 0 and ∇2V = 0.
The pressure distribution then P x
ρgdxdydz
Px+x
reduces to;
𝛁 𝒑 =𝝆 ⃗
𝒈
Pz
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 12
Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions
• If the fluid is at rest or at constant velocity, a = 0 and ∇2V = 0. So,
𝛁 𝒑 =𝝆 ⃗
𝒈
• This is a hydrostatic pressure distribution.
• From vector analysis the vector ∇p expresses the magnitude
and direction of the maximum spatial rate of increase of the
scalar property p (the gradient of p).
• So, ∇p is perpendicular everywhere to surfaces of constant p.
• Thus a fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium will align its constant
pressure surfaces everywhere normal to the local gravity vector.
The maximum pressure increase will be in the direction of
gravity, i.e., “down.’’
• If the fluid is a liquid, its free surface will be normal to local
gravity vector, or “horizontal.’’
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 13
Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions
𝛁 𝒑 =𝝆 ⃗
𝒈
𝝏𝒑 𝝏 𝒑 𝝏𝒑
𝛁 𝒑= 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌 ⃗ 𝒈 =𝒈 𝒙 𝒊+ 𝒈 𝒚 𝒋 + 𝒈 𝒛 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒑
𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌=𝝆 (𝒈 ¿ ¿ 𝒙 𝒊+𝒈 𝒚 𝒋 +𝒈 𝒛 𝒌)¿
𝝏 𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏 𝒛

𝒈 =− 𝝆 𝒈 𝒛 𝒌
𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒑
=𝝆 𝒈 𝒙 =𝟎 ; = 𝝆 𝒈 𝒚 =𝟎 ; =− 𝝆 𝒈 𝒛 =− 𝜸
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

• For liquids
𝒑 𝟐 − 𝒑 𝟏 =− 𝜸 ( 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏 )

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 14


Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions
𝒑 𝟐 −𝒑 𝟏 =−𝜸 ( 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏)
• These Equations are the solution to the hydrostatic problem.
• The integration requires an assumption about the density and
gravity distribution.
• Gases and liquids are usually treated differently.
• We state the following conclusions about a hydrostatic condition:

Pressure in a continuously distributed uniform static fluid varies


only with vertical distance and is independent of the shape of
the container. The pressure is the same at all points on a given
horizontal plane in the fluid. The pressure increases with depth
in the fluid.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 15
Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions
𝒑 𝟐 −𝒑 𝟏 =−𝜸 ( 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏)

• Points a, b, c, and d are at equal depths in water and therefore have identical
pressures.
• Points A, B, and C are also at equal depths in water and have identical pressures
higher than a, b, c, and d.
• Point D has a different pressure from A, B, and C because it is not connected to
them by a water path.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 16
Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions
Effect of Variable Gravity
• For a spherical planet of uniform density, the acceleration of
gravity, g, varies inversely as the square of the radius from
its center.

• where r0 is the planet radius and g0 is the surface value of g.


• For earth, r0 = 6400 km.
• The deepest ocean is about 11 km deep.
• The supersonic transport operation is at about 20 km.
• This gives a maximum variation in g of (6400/6420)2, or 0.6
percent.
• We therefore neglect the variation of g in most problems.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 17
Pressure (definitions)
Atmospheric pressure
• It refers to the pressure exerted by the weight of the
atmosphere. OR
• It refers to the prevailing pressure in the air around us.
• It varies somewhat with;
 changing weather conditions
 Changing altitude
• At sea level, average atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa
(abs), 14.7 psi (abs), or 1 atmosphere (1 bar = 1x10 5 Pa).
• This is commonly referred to as ‘standard atmospheric
pressure’.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 18
Pressure (definitions)
Gauge pressure
• It is the pressure measured above or below the
atmospheric pressure (i.e. taking the atmospheric as
datum). can be positive or negative.
• A negative gauge pressure is also known as vacuum
pressure.
Absolute pressure
• It is the pressure with zero-referenced against a perfect
vacuum.
• Therefore, an absolute pressure will always be positive.
• A simple equation relating the two pressure measuring
system can be written as:
• Pabs = Pgauge + Patm
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 19
Pressure (definitions)
Example:
• The local atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs).
1. Express a pressure of 155 kPa (gauge) as an absolute
pressure.
2. Express a pressure of – 31 kPa (gauge) as an absolute
pressure.
• Solution:
Pabs = Pgauge + Patm
1. Pabs = 155 + 101 = 256
kPa
2. Pabs = -31 + 101 = 70 kPa
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 20
Pressure Head
𝒑 𝟐 −𝒑 𝟏 =−𝜸 ( 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏 ) z

𝒑𝟏 −𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝟏 −𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝒑𝒉,𝒈


Free surface
P2 = Patm

( 𝒛 𝟐−𝒛 𝟏)=𝒉= = = z2 h

𝜸 𝜸 𝒑𝜸 z1
P1

𝒉= x
𝜸

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 21


Pressure Head

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 22


The Mercury Barometer

• The simplest practical application of the hydrostatic pressure is the barometer, which
measures atmospheric pressure.
• A tube is filled with mercury and inverted while submerged in a reservoir.
• This causes a near vacuum in the closed upper end because mercury has an extremely small
vapor pressure (0.16 Pa at 20°C).
• Since atmospheric pressure forces a mercury column to rise a distance h into the tube, the
upper mercury surface is at zero pressure.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 23
Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases
• Gases are compressible, with density nearly
proportional to pressure.
• Thus density must be considered as a variable.
• It is sufficiently accurate to introduce the perfect-gas
law.

• The integral over z requires an assumption about the


temperature variation T(z).
• One common approximation is the isothermal
atmosphere, where T = T0
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 24
Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases

• Actually the earth’s mean atmospheric temperature drops


off nearly linearly with z up to an altitude of about 36,000
ft (11,000 m) (Troposphere):

• Here T0 is sea-level temperature (absolute) and B is the


lapse rate, both of which vary somewhat from day to day.
• The lapse rate is the rate at which atmospheric
temperature decreases with an increase in altitude.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 25
Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 26


Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases

Temp. and press.


distribution in the
U.S. standard
atmosphere.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 27


Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 28


Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 29


Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases
Is the Linear Formula Adequate for Gases?

• The linear approximation is satisfactory for incompressible


liquids.
• It may be used even over great depths in the ocean.
• For gases, which are highly compressible, it is valid only over
moderate changes in altitude.

• The error involved in using the linear approximation can be


evaluated by expanding the exact formula into a series

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 30


Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases

• where n = g/(RB).
• Thus the error in using the linear formula is small if the
second term in parentheses is small compared with unity.
• This is true if

• So we expect errors of less than 5 % if z is less than 1000 m.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 31


Application to Manometry
• The hydrostatic formula relates a change in elevation of a
liquid to a change in pressure.
• Thus a static column of one or more liquids or gases can be
used to measure pressure differences between two points.
• Such a device is called a manometer.
• If multiple fluids are used, we must change the density in the
formula as we move from one fluid to another.
U tube monometer

Piezometer

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 32


Application to Manometry

Inclined tube monometer

Pressure gauge

Differential monometer

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 33


Application to Manometry
• Figure below illustrates multiple fluids in a column.
• The pressure change through each fluid is calculated
separately.
• The total change (p5-p1), is obtained by summing all the
pressure changes.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 34


Application to Manometry
A Memory Device: Up Versus Down

𝒑 𝟐 =𝒑 𝟏 +𝜸 𝒐 𝒉𝒐

𝒑 𝟑 =𝒑 𝟐 +𝜸 𝒘 𝒉 𝒘

𝒑 𝟒=𝒑 𝟑 +𝜸 𝑮 𝒉 𝑮
𝒑 𝟓 =𝒑 𝟒 +𝜸 𝑴 𝒉 𝑴

𝒑 𝟓 =𝒑 𝟏 +𝜸 𝒐 𝒉𝒐 +𝜸 𝒘 𝒉𝒘 +𝜸 𝑮 𝒉𝑮 +𝜸 𝑴 𝒉 𝑴
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 35
Application to Manometry
A Memory Device: Up Versus Down

𝒑 𝟏 =𝒑 𝑨 + 𝝆𝟏 𝒈| 𝒛 𝑨 − 𝒛 𝟏|
𝒑 𝟏 =𝒑 𝟐 + 𝝆𝟐 𝒈| 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏|
𝒑 𝟐 + 𝝆 𝟐 𝒈|𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏|=𝒑 𝑨 + 𝝆 𝟏 𝒈|𝒛 𝑨 − 𝒛 𝟏|
𝒑 𝑨 =𝒑 𝟐 + 𝝆𝟐 𝒈| 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏|− 𝝆 𝟏 𝒈 |𝒛 𝑨 − 𝒛 𝟏|

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 36


Application to Manometry

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 37


Application to Manometry

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 38


Application to Manometry

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 39


Inclined-Tube Manometer
. the above figure:
In
P1 = PA + 1 g h1
P3 = P2 + 2 g l2 sinθ
P2 = PB + 3 g h3
P3 = PB + 3 g h3 + 2 g l2 sinθ
But,
P1 = P3 (same horizontal level)
PA + 1 g h1 = PB + 3 g h3 + 2 g l2 sinθ
or PA - PB =3 g h3 + 2 g l2 sinθ - 1 g h1

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 40


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
• When a surface is submerged in a fluid, forces develop on
the surface due to the fluid.
• The determination of these forces is important in the design
of storage tanks, ships, dams, and other hydraulic structures.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 41


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
• Centroid of the area is defined as the point at which the area
would be balanced if suspended from that point.
• It is equivalent to the center of gravity of a solid body.
• The point of application of the resultant force on the
submerged area is called the center of pressure.
• This resultant force will act perpendicular to the immersed
surface at the center of pressure.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 42


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
• Consider a submerged plane panel of arbitrary shape.
• The panel makes an arbitrary angle θ with the horizontal
free surface, so that the depth varies over the panel surface.
• If h is the depth to any element area dA of the plate, then
the pressure there is p = pa + ϒh.

Consider xy coordinate
system in the plane of the
plate with the origin at its
centroid, plus a dummy
coordinate, ξ down from
the surface in the plane of
the plate.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 43


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
• Then the total hydrostatic force on one side of the plate is
given by

• And θ is constant along the plate. By definition, the ξ from


the surface to the plate is,

The force on one side of any plane submerged


surface in a uniform fluid equals the pressure at
the plate centroid times the plate area,
independent of the shape of the plate or the
angle θ at which it is slanted.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 44


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

• Above Equation can be visualized physically in Fig. below as


the resultant of a linear stress distribution over the plate
area.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 45


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
• To balance the bending-moment portion of the pressure
force, the resultant force F does not act at the centroid.
• Rather, it act below CG toward the high-pressure side.
• Its line of action passes through the center of pressure CP.
• To find (xCP, yCP), we sum moments of the elemental force
pdA at the centroid and equate to the moment of the F.

• The term ∫paydA vanishes


by definition of centroidal axes.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 46


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

• where again ∫ydA=0 and Ixx=∫y2dA is the area moment of


inertia of the plate area about its centroidal x axis,
computed in the plane of the plate.

• The (-) sign shows that yCP


is below the centroid at a
deeper level and, unlike F,
depends upon angle θ.
• If we move the plate
deeper, yCP approaches the
centroid.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 47
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
• The determination of xCP is exactly similar: p = pa + ϒh

where Ixy=∫xydA is the


product moment of inertia of
the plate, again computed in
the plane of the plate.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 48


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 49


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 50


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
Gage-Pressure Formulas
• In most cases the ambient pressure pa is neglected because
it acts on both sides of the plate; e.g., the other side of the
plate is inside a ship or on the dry side of a gate or dam.
p = pa + ϒh

𝑭 =𝒑 𝑪𝑮 𝑨=𝜸 𝒉 𝑪𝑮 𝑨

• In this case the center of pressure (xCP, yCP) becomes


independent of specific weight, ϒ.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 51
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 52


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 53


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 54


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 55


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 56


Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 57


Pressure Prism
𝒉
𝑭 𝑹 =𝒑 𝑪𝑮 𝑨=𝜸 𝒉𝑪𝑮 𝑨=𝜸 𝑨
𝟐

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 58


Pressure Prism

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 59


Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
• Consider the arbitrary curved surface.
• The incremental pressure forces, being normal to the local
area element, vary in direction along the surface and thus
cannot be added numerically.
• The resultant pressure force on a curved surface is most
easily computed by separating it into horizontal and vertical
components.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 60


Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
• A free-body diagram of the column of fluid contained in the
vertical projection above the curved surface is shown.
• The desired forces FH and FV are exerted by the surface on
the fluid column.
• Other forces are shown due to fluid weight and horizontal
pressure on the vertical sides of this column.
• The column of fluid must be in static equilibrium.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 61


Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
• On the upper part of the column bcde, the horizontal
components F1 exactly balance and are not relevant.
• On the lower, irregular portion of fluid abc adjoining the
surface, summation of horizontal forces shows that the
• desired force FH due to the curved surface is exactly equal to
the force FH on the vertical left side of the fluid column.
• This left-side force FH can be computed from
• Pressure prism.
The horizontal component of force
on a curved surface equals the force
on the plane area formed by the
projection of the curved surface onto
a vertical plane normal to the
component.
FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 62
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
• Summation of vertical forces on the fluid free body then
shows that

The vertical component of pressure force on a curved


surface equals in magnitude and direction the weight
of the entire column of fluid, both liquid and
atmosphere, above the curved surface.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 63


Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 64


Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 65


Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 66


Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids
• The formulas for plane and curved surfaces are valid only for
a fluid of uniform density.
• If the fluid is layered with different densities a single formula
cannot solve the problem.
• Because the slope of the linear pressure distribution changes
between layers.
• However, the formulas apply separately.
• The appropriate remedy is to compute and sum the separate
layer forces and moments.
• Consider a slanted plane surface immersed in a two-layer
fluid as shown below.

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 67


Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids
• The slope of the pressure distribution becomes steeper as
we move down into the denser second layer.
• The total force on the plate does not equal the pressure at
the centroid times the plate area.

However, the plate portion in


each layer does satisfy the
formula, so that we can sum
forces to find the total force:

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 68


Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 69


Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids

FLUID MECHANICS-I DR. AJMAL SHAH, DME PIEAS 70

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