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L-5 Floating Point Representation of Numbers

The document discusses the representation of numbers in computers, focusing on integer and floating point arithmetic. It explains fixed point arithmetic and its limitations, leading to the adoption of normalized floating point representation, which allows for a greater range and precision of real numbers. Key concepts include mantissa, exponent, and normalization, which are essential for storing real numbers effectively.

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21 views12 pages

L-5 Floating Point Representation of Numbers

The document discusses the representation of numbers in computers, focusing on integer and floating point arithmetic. It explains fixed point arithmetic and its limitations, leading to the adoption of normalized floating point representation, which allows for a greater range and precision of real numbers. Key concepts include mantissa, exponent, and normalization, which are essential for storing real numbers effectively.

Uploaded by

shuvo2305101830
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Floating Point

Representation of
Numbers
Nazmun Nessa Moon
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE
Daffodil International University
References

Fundamentals of Computers by V. Rajaraman and N.


Adabala, 6th Edition.
[Chapter 6]

2
Types of Computer
Arithmetic
 There are two types of arithmetic operations which
are required in computers. These are:
(i) Integer arithmetic,
(ii) Real or floating point arithmetic.
Integer arithmetic, as the name implies, deals
with integer operands, that is, operands without
fractional parts.
Real arithmetic, on the other hand, uses numbers
with fractional parts and is used in most
computations.
3
Fixed Point Arithmetic
One method of representing real numbers in a computer
would be by assuming a fixed position for the binary
point and storing numbers with an assumed decimal
point, as shown in the following figure.
 This figure shows a memory location storing
+101101101.101101.

4
Fixed Point
Arithmetic……... …
If such a convention is used, the maximum and
minimum (in magnitude) numbers that may be
stored are:
•111111111.1111112 = (29 - 1) + (1 - 2-6)
(Maximum)
= 511.98437510
•000000000.0000012 = 2-6 (Minimum)
= 0.01562510

This range is quite inadequate in practice and


therefore a different convention for representing real
numbers is adopted.
5
Floating Point
Arithmetic……
This convention aims at preserving the maximum
number of significant digits in a real number and
increasing the range of values of real numbers
stored.
This representation is called the normalized
floating point mode of representing and storing
real numbers.
In this mode, a real number is expressed as a
combination of a mantissa and an exponent.
 The mantissa is made less than 1 and greater than
or equal to 0.1, and the exponent is the power of 2
6
Floating Point
Arithmetic………... ……
For example, the number 1011.0101 x 27 is
represented in this notation as
0.10110101 x 211 = 0.10110101E01011
The mantissa is 0.10110101 and the exponent 1011.
The number is stored in normalized floating point
mode as shown in the figure in the next slide.

7
Floating Point
Arithmetic………... ……

In the representation of the above figure, the 16 bits are


divided into two parts.
9 bits are used for the mantissa and 7 bits for the
exponent.
The mantissa and exponent have their own independent
8
Floating Point
Arithmetic………... ……
While storing numbers, the leading bit in the mantissa is
always made non-zero by appropriately shifting it and
adjusting the value of the exponent.
Thus the number 0 would be stored as shown in the
following figure. .000010101

9
Floating Point
Arithmetic………... ……
 The shifting of the mantissa to the left till its most
significant bit is non-zero is called normalization.
The normalization is done to preserve the maximum
number of useful (information carrying) bits.
The leading zeros in 0.000010101 serve only to locate
the binary point.
The information may thus be transferred to the
exponent part of the number and the number is stored
as 0.10101 x 2-4.

1
Floating Point
Arithmetic………... ……
When numbers are stored using this notation, the range
of numbers (magnitude) that may be stored will be:
•Maximum = 0.11111111E0111111
= (1 – 2−8) x
263
•Minimum = 0.10000000E1111111
= 2−1 x
= 2−64
This range is much larger than the range 29 to 2-6
obtained with the fixed point representation.

1
Key Words/Phrases
 Integer arithmetic

 Real or floating point arithmetic

 normalized floating point mode

 Mantissa

 Exponent

 most significant bit

 Normalization

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