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Predicate Logic

Predicate logic is an extension of propositional logic that incorporates predicates and quantifiers to express statements that cannot be captured by propositional logic alone. It allows for the representation of relationships and conditions, such as age and eligibility to vote, through variables and functions. The document explains the concept of predicates, illustrating how their truth values depend on the values of their subjects.

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12 views7 pages

Predicate Logic

Predicate logic is an extension of propositional logic that incorporates predicates and quantifiers to express statements that cannot be captured by propositional logic alone. It allows for the representation of relationships and conditions, such as age and eligibility to vote, through variables and functions. The document explains the concept of predicates, illustrating how their truth values depend on the values of their subjects.

Uploaded by

shuvo2305101830
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Predicate Logic

What is predicate logic?


• Consider the following sentence:
Every person who is 18 years or older, is eligible to vote
• Can express the sentence using propositional logic only?
• The answer is: No
• In the example sentence, there are two variables: person and age
• The person is depended on age
• ‘Eligible to vote?’ – can be answered using true or false.
• That means this part is a simple logic
• However, ‘Every person who is 18 years or older’ depends specific condition.
• We cannot express it using simple logic
• That means we need a more powerful logic to express it.
• And that is predicate logic.
What is predicate logic?
• Predicate logic is an extension of propositional logic.
• It combines the concept of predicate and quantifiers to better capture
the meaning of statements that cannot be meaningfully expressed by
propositional logic only.
What is predicate?
• Consider the statement: ‘5 is greater 3’
• Is it a statement?
• Yes: ‘5 is greater 3’
• Consider another statement: ‘X is greater than 3’
• Is it a statement?
• The answer is not straightforward.
• Consider the following scenario:
Value of X Value of the Statement A proposition can
X=1 False have either true or
X=3 False false value. And
X=5 True they cannot
interchange
What is predicate?
• The sentence: ‘X is greater than 3’
• Let’s dissolve the sentence into two parts: Subject and predicate
• Subject: x
• Predicate: ‘is greater than 3’
• That means, predicate is the part of the sentence that does not
change.
• The value of the predicate depends on subject
• Here, the value (true or false) of ‘is greater than 3’ depends on x
• Therefore, the sentence is a function of x
What is predicate?
• We can express the sentence ‘X is greater than 3’ using a
mathematical function P(x)
• Here, P is the predicate and x is the subject (or variable)
• Now P(x) can be either true or false depending on the value of x.
• Once the value of x is assigned, then P(x) can be either true or false
but not both at the same time.
• And for that particular x, it never changes.
• That means P(x) becomes a proposition.
Example of Predicate Logic
• Example 1: P(x): x > 10. What are the truth values of P(15) and P(5)?

• Example 2: R(x, y): x = y + 1. What is the truth value of the proposition


R(1, 3) and R(2, 1)
• R
• R

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