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Error and Its Types

The document defines error as a deviation from accuracy and outlines three main types: Gross Error, Random Error, and Systematic Error. Gross Errors arise from human mistakes, Random Errors occur due to unpredictable fluctuations, and Systematic Errors are consistent deviations from true values. Each type includes examples and strategies for minimization to improve measurement accuracy.

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Maha Khan
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5 views

Error and Its Types

The document defines error as a deviation from accuracy and outlines three main types: Gross Error, Random Error, and Systematic Error. Gross Errors arise from human mistakes, Random Errors occur due to unpredictable fluctuations, and Systematic Errors are consistent deviations from true values. Each type includes examples and strategies for minimization to improve measurement accuracy.

Uploaded by

Maha Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Error and its Types

Presented By : Urooj Yaqoob and Masooma Fatima


Definition:
• Something that is not correct
• Deviation from accuracy or correctness
• The difference between the actual measured value and true
predetermined value
Types of Error:
There are 3 main types of error
• Gross Error
• Random Error
• Systematic Error
1.Gross Error:
• This category basically takes into account human oversight and other
mistakes while reading ,recording the data.
• The most human error in measurement falls under this category
Example:
• A person taking the reading from meter of the instrument may read
23 as 28.
• And example would be writing of 100 when the actual was 1.00
Minimization:

Gross errors can be avoided by:

1.Proper care should be taken in reading, recording the data.


2.The calculation of error should be done accurately
3.By increasing the number of experimenters.
2.Random Errors:

• The random errors are those which occur irregularly and hence are
random.
• These can arise due to random and unpredictable fluctuations in
experimental conditions.
• Example: unpredictable fluctuation in temperatue , voltage supply of
experimental set up.
• Minimization:
• It can be minimised by taking the average of a large number of
observations.
3.Systematic Errors:

• Systematic error occurs when an observed or calculated value


deviates from the true value in a consistent way.

• Example:
• Miscalibrated scale consistently records weights as higher than they
actually are.
Systematic errors are further catagorised:
Environmental Error:
This type of error occur due to the effect of external conditions in
measurement. The external conditions include
temperature ,pressure ,humidity and also include and external ,
magnetic field.
• Example:
• If you measure your temperature under the armpit and during the
measurement , if the electricity goes out and the room gets hot , it
will affect your body temperature , affecting the reading.
Minimization:
1.ONE CAN ALSO CALIBRATE THE INSTRUMENT NEWLY IN THE NEW
CONDITIONS.

2. THERE ARE SOME DEVICES THAT ENABLE APPLYING THE


COMPENSATION AUTOMATICALLY.
Instrumental Errors:
• Instrumental error happens when the instruments being used are
inaccurate, such as a balance that do not work. A pH meter that reads
0.5 off or a calculator that rounds incorrectly would be sources of this
error.
• Minimization:
1.Use instrument of higher precision.
2.Maintain instruments to correct biases.
3.Use a known standard to check
instrument accuracy.
Observational Error:
• These types of errors occur due to individual’s bias , lack of proper
concentration , lack of setting of apparatus , or an human carelessness
in taking observations.
• The measurement errors also include readings due to parallax errors.

Parallax error is the error that occurs due to


incorrect positioning of the eyes while taking a
reading on a measuring scale.
If the viewing angle is not perpendicular to the
scale at the point where we are taking the
reading, we will get less or more value of the
measurement than the actual value.
Minimization:
1.Removing personal bias as far as possible.
2.Great care must be taken
3.Should have proper knowledge about chemicals, instrum ents, and
methods chosen for analysis

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