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GET103MODULE5 (1) Modified

This document covers the differentiation and integration of vector functions, including the gradient, curl, and divergence of vector fields. It provides examples and applications of vector calculus, such as calculating velocity and acceleration of particles. Additionally, it includes assignments for practice on the concepts discussed.

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Mc Johnson
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20 views41 pages

GET103MODULE5 (1) Modified

This document covers the differentiation and integration of vector functions, including the gradient, curl, and divergence of vector fields. It provides examples and applications of vector calculus, such as calculating velocity and acceleration of particles. Additionally, it includes assignments for practice on the concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

Mc Johnson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GET 103

(ENGINEERING APPLIED MATHEMATICS)

MODULE 5

DIFFERENTIATION AND
INTEGRATION OF
VECTOR FUNCTIONS
Learning Outcome
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to
• Understand differentiation of vector quantities
• Be able to find the gradient of any scalar and
vector field
• Be able to identify the curl and divergence of
vector field.
• Understand integration of vector quantities
• Understand the practical application of vector
calculus
2
VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION
Given that
Then
And higher others derivatives can be obtained as

This is done the same way the real variables are


done.

3
Example 1
Given that , obtain the 1st and 2nd derivatives of

Solution

4
Example 2
Given that , obtain the 1st and 2nd derivatives of

Solution

5
Example 3
Given that , find (I) , (II) , (III) evaluate when , (IV) (V)
and evaluate at

Solution
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(iv)
(v)

6
Example4
If . Show that
(i) (ii)

Solution

(ii)

7
Properties of Vector Differentiation
Given that vectors are non-zero vectors, and is a
scalar

1. since

8
Example 5
If and , find (a) (b)

Solution
(a)

9
(ii)

10
Integration of Vectors with Respect to a
Scalar Variable
Integration of a vector is the reverse process of
differentiation
If = + k
Then
= v (u)

11
Example 6
Given that A () = (
Evaluate
Solution

=(

= (

= 12
12
Application of Vector Calculus
Let be the position vector of a particle relative
to the fixed origin and is the time taken, then
(i) r (t) = is called its velocity
(ii) r (t) = is called its acceleration

13
Example 7
A pentacle moves along a curve whose
parametric equations are , and , where is the
time.

(i) Find its velocity and acceleration of any time

(ii) Find the magnitude of the velocity and


acceleration at t = 0

14
Solution
The position vector r of the panicle is

(i)

15
k

16
Example 8
The acceleration of a particle at any time t 0 is
given by

If the velocity and displacement are zero at t .


Find expression for and at any time .

17
Solution

Therefore,

18
Also

19
Therefore,

20
Relative Vector
If is the position vector of and the position
vector of , then the position vector B relative to
A is vector , (note the order of the letters). It is
a further application of a vector method to
different types of problems.

21
Position vector
Recall that the position vector defines the position
of points relative to another point. Consider the
figure below.

∴r21=P1P2=r2-r1
According to the rule of subtraction of vectors

Which is the position vector of P2 relative to P1 22


Relative velocity
The velocity of relative to written by is . In
simple words, it is velocity of when viewed from
.
Similarly

Relative Acceleration
By similar appeal, if and define acceleration of
two points, the acceleration of point 2 relative
to point 1 is given by

23
Example
Two particles have position vector vectors given
by

Find the relative velocity of second at particle


with respect to the first at

24
Solution

Relative velocity of particle 2 to particle 1

25
Example
Find the relative acceleration of the second
particle with respect to the first at

Solution

At

26
Therefore, the relative acceleration of particle 2
to particle 1

27
Divergence of a vector field

• The divergence of a vector field is a scalar


measure of how much the field spreads out (or
converges) at a given point. It represents the net
rate of flow of the vector field out of an
infinitesimally small volume.

28
• Mathematically, for a vector field

in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates, the


divergence is given by:
+ +

where ∇⋅ is the divergence operator (also called


the del dot operator).

29
30
Example

31
Example

32
Example

33
Curl of a vector field
• The curl of a vector field measures the rotation
or circulation of the field at a given point. It is a
vector quantity that describes the tendency of
the field to induce rotational motion.

Mathematical Definition:
• For a vector field

in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates, the


curl is given by:
curl F = ∇× F 34
35
Interpretation
• If curl is zero (∇×F=0), the field is irrotational
(no local spinning).

• If curl is nonzero, it means the field has a


rotational component at that point.

• The direction of the curl vector indicates the axis


of rotation, and its magnitude represents the
strength of rotation.
36
Example

37
Example

38
Assignments
• Solve the following problems:

39
4. If and . Find
5. If and , find at the point .
6. If . Find and respectively.
7. An object acceleration, initial velocity and
position vector are given by the following
expressions , and respesectively. Determine the
objects velocity

40
8. Two particles have velocities respectively, find
the velocity of the second particle relative to the
first.
9. A particle moves along a curve whose
parametric equations are , , where is the time in
seconds. Determine:
a. Its velocity and acceleration at any time
b. The magnitude of velocity and acceleration at
10. If and . Find (a) (b)

41

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