CIVE 241/MECH 277

Fluid Mechanics

Instructor: Dr. Ali Rafeet

Email: [email protected]
 Contents
• Assessment Overview
• Course Content
• Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Fluid Properties Part 1
 Course Content
Week No. Topics/Activities to be Covered
1 Introduction
2-3 Fluid Properties
4 Fluid Pressure
5 Measurement of Fluid Pressure
6 Hydrostatic Force
7 Determination of Hydrostatics Forces on Hydraulic
Structures
8 Buoyant Force
9 Stability of Floating Bodies
10 Fluid Dynamics
11 Conservation of Mass in a Fluid Flow
12 Conservation of Energy in a Fluid Flow
13 Flow Through Pipes
14 Flow Measurement
15 Introduction to Open Channel Flow.
 Assessment
Assessment Grade Proportion Week No.
Test 1 20 % 5th Week
Test 2 20 % 9th Week
Assignments 10 % On going in class
Quizzes (2) 10 % On going in class
Final exam 40 % End of semester
Total 100%
 Reading Materials
Textbook Fluid Mechanics, 5thEdition, Young, Munson, John Willey &
Sons, 2011, ISBN: 13-978-0470-59679-1
Reference Book(s) Fluid Mechanics, 4thEd, Frank M. White, McGraw-Hill, 1998,
ISBN: 978 0072281927
Handout(s) Will be Provided
Useful Website(s) http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~mpj1001/
learnfluidmechanics.org/LFM_L0.html
Other Resources Calculators
E-learning Resources Moodle
Applications of Fluid Mechanics
 Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Civil Engineering

Dams

Piping and Plumping Systems Water Tanks

Fluid Properties Part 1

8
Content
• Definition of Fluid and Fluid Mechanics.
• Three Phases of Matter
• Compressible and Incompressible Fluids
• Classification of Fluids
• Dimensions and Units
• Fluid Properties
Fluid
A fluid (liquid or gas or vapour) is defined as a
substance which deforms continuously under the
action of shearing forces.
Fluid mechanics
Fluid Mechanics encompasses the study of all types
of
fluids under static, kinematic and dynamic conditions.
Statics: Study of fluids at rest.
Dynamics: Study of fluids in motion,
where pressure forces are considered.
Kinematics: Study of fluid in motion,
where pressure forces are not considered.
 Three Phases of Matter
Generally matter exists in three phases namely:
(i) Solid
(ii) Liquid, and
(iii) Gas (includes vapour).

The last two together are referred to as fluids.

 Compressible and Incompressible Fluids
 If the density of a fluid varies significantly due to
moderate changes in pressure or temperature, then the
fluid is called compressible fluid.
 If the change in density of a fluid is small due to
changes in temperature and or pressure, then the fluid
is called incompressible fluid.
 Classification of Fluids
The fluids may be classified into the following
five types:
1. Ideal fluid
2. Real fluid
3. Newtonian fluid
4. Non-Newtonian fluid
5. Ideal plastic fluid
 Classification of Fluids
1. Ideal Fluid
Ideal fluids have the following properties.
Incompressible. Have zero viscosity.
Shear force is zero when the fluid is in motion i.e.
No resistance is offered to the motion of any fluid
particles.
2. Real or Practical Fluids
Compressible. Viscous in nature.
Some resistance is always offered by the fluid when it
is in motion. Shear stress always exists in such
fluids.
 Classification of Fluids
3. Newtonian Fluids
In Newtonian fluids, a linear relationship exists between
the magnitudes of shear stress (𝛕) and the resulting rate of
deformation (du /dy). i.e. the constant of proportionality μ
, does not change with the rate of deformation.
𝛕 = 𝜇 𝒅𝒖/𝒅𝒚
Example: Water, Air.
The viscosity at any given temperature and pressure
is constant for a Newtonian fluid and is independent
of the rate of deformation.
 Classification of Fluids
4. Non-Newtonian Fluids
In Non-Newtonian fluids, there is a non-linear
relation between the magnitude of the applied shear
stress and the rate of deformation. The viscosity will
vary with variation in rate of deformation. They do
not obey Newton's law of viscosity.
Example: Non-Newtonian fluids are paint, blood,
and printer's ink.
 Classification of Fluids
5. Ideal Plastic Fluid (Bingham Plastic): A fluid, in
which shear stresses are more than the yield value and
shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain (or
velocity gradient), is known as ideal plastic fluid. The
figure below shows the relationship between the shear
stress and velocity gradient (rate of deformation) for
different types of fluids.
Example Toothpaste.
 Dimensions and Units
 The basic units required in Fluid Mechanics are
for Mass, Length, Time and Ttemperature. These
are kilogram (kg), metre (m), second (s) and kelvin
(K).
 Standard gravitational acceleration taken as ge
= 9.81 m/s2
Some of the Units Used in Fluid Mechanics
are Listed in the Table Below:
Quantity Unit symbol Derived units

mass Kg (kilogram) 1 ton (tonne) = 1000 kg

time s (seconds) min (60s), hr (3600s)

mm (10-3 m ), cm (10-2 m ) ,km (1000
length m (metre) m)

temperature Kelvin (273 + °C) °C

force N (newton) kN(103 N ) , MN (106 N),GN (109 N)

Nm, Joule (1
energy, work, heat J = 1 Nm) kJ, MJ, kNm

power W(watts) = (Nm/s, J/s) kW, MW

 Fluid Properties
1. Density
2. Specific Volume
3. Specific Weight
4. Specific Gravity or Relative
Density
 1. Density or Mass Density ()
Density is defined as mass per unit volume.
The unit used is kg/m3 and is represented by  (rho).
•  = mass/volume
• At 20C water = 1000 kg/m3
• mercury = 13570 kg/m3
• petrol = 711 kg/m3
2. Specific Volume (v)
The volume occupied by unit mass is called the
specific volume of the material. The symbol used is v,
the unit being m3/kg. Specific volume is the
reciprocal of density.
Specific Volume (v) = 1 / Density
 3. Specific Weight
 Weight Density or Specific Weight: The force due to
gravity on the mass in unit volume
(γ = Weight / Volume ) is defined as Weight Density or
Specific Weight.

 The unit used is N/m3. The symbol used is γ

(Gamma) . At a location where g is the local
acceleration due to gravity,
γ = Weight / Volume
Weight = Mass x Local acceleration due to gravity
(W = mg) therefore γ = mg/ Volume
Therefore , γ = ρ g we know g = 9.81 m/s2
1 kilogram Force = 9.81 N
1 N = 1 kg m /s2
At 20C γ water = 9810 N/m3
 4. Specific Gravity or Relative Density (S)
 The ratio of the density of the fluid to the density
of water—usually 1000 kg/m3 at a standard
condition (at 20ᵒ C) —is defined as Specific
Gravity or Relative Density S of fluids.

 Specific gravity is also equal to the ratio of weight

density of the material to the weight density of
water. This is a ratio and hence no dimension or
unit is involved.
Specific gravity of water at 20ᵒ C is
1. Specific gravity of mercury is 13.6
 Example 1
The specific weight of water and mercury at normal
temperature and pressure are 9810 and 133000 N/m3
respectively. Calculate the density of water , density
and specific gravity of mercury.
Density (ρ) = Specific Weight ( γ) / Gravitational Acceleration (g)
ρ_water = 9.81 kN/m³ / 9.81 m/s² = 1000 kg/m³
For mercury, given that its specific gravity weight is 133000, and
γ = ρ g, ρ_mercury = γ/g = 133000 N/m3 /9.81 m/s² = 13560 kg/m³
To find the specific gravity of mercury (S of mercury):
S = ρmercury/ ρwater
= 13560/1000 = 13.56
 Example 2
Determine the density, specific volume and specific
weight of a liquid whose specific gravity is 0.85.
S = ρfluid/ ρwater
0.85 = ρfluid/1000
ρfluid = 0.85 x 1000 = 850 kg/m3
Specific Volume (v) = 1 / Density = 1/850 = 1.12 x 10-3 m3/kg
Specific Weight = ρ g = 850 x 9.81 = 8338.5 N/m3
 Example 3
A water tank is 6 m x 5 m and is 4 m high, calculate
mass of water in the tank in kilograms and in liters.
ρ = m/V
Volume of water = 6 x 5x 4 = 120 m3
Water density is known as 1000 kg/m3
Therefore, mass of water = ρ x V = 1000 x 120 = 120000 kg =
120000 liters.
 Homework 1
1. Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity
of 1 litre of a liquid which weighs 7 N.

2. A petrol tank is 5 m x 5 m and is 3 m high, calculate weight of

the tank in tons and in kN.