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DBMS Lab- 8 PLSQL-2

The document provides an overview of PLSQL SELECT statements and cursors, including syntax, examples, and the differences between implicit and explicit cursors. It also covers stored functions and procedures, detailing their syntax and providing examples for each. Additionally, it includes a section on common viva questions related to PLSQL concepts.

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sunbun2070
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3 views

DBMS Lab- 8 PLSQL-2

The document provides an overview of PLSQL SELECT statements and cursors, including syntax, examples, and the differences between implicit and explicit cursors. It also covers stored functions and procedures, detailing their syntax and providing examples for each. Additionally, it includes a section on common viva questions related to PLSQL concepts.

Uploaded by

sunbun2070
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PLSQL Select & Cursors

PLSQL SELECT STATEMENT

Syntax:
SELECT[DISTINCT] <select_list>
INTO <variable_list>|<record_name>
FROM <table_list>
[WHERE <conditions>]
[GROUP BY <group_by_list>]
[HAVING <search_conditions>]
[ORDER BY <order_list> [ASC | DESC] ];

• Should return a single row value


• Should return a row
• Number of columns should match with number of variables
• Data types of columns should match with the data type of the variables.

PLSQL data types:


%TYPE : v_sname Sailors.sname%type
%ROWTYPE : rec_sailors Sailors%rowtype
Examples:
1. Program to illustrate PLSQL Select statement (column type)
Declare
V_sid Sailors.sid%type:=&sid;
V_sname Sailors.sname%type;
V_rating Sailors.rating%type;
V_age Sailors.age%type;
Begin
Select sid,sname,rating,age
Into V_sid,V_sname,V_rating,V_age
From Sailors
Where sid=V_sid;
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor_id: '||V_sid);
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor_name: '||V_sname);
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor_rating: '||V_rating);
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor_age: '||V_age);
End;
/
2. Program to illustrate PLSQL Select statement (row type)
Declare
V_sid Sailors.sid%type:=&sid;
Rec_sailors Sailors%rowtype;
Begin
Select *
Into Rec_sailors
From Sailors
Where sid=V_sid;
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor_id: '||V_sid);
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor_name: '||Rec_sailors.sname);
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor_rating: '||Rec_sailors.rating);
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor_age: '||Rec_sailors.age);
End;
/
PLSQL -CURSORS

Cursor is a work area to store multiple records from the database table.
In PLSQL whenever select statement returns more than one row, a cursor is used.

Implicit cursor: defined by system after every DML or PLSQL select statement execution
Explicit cursor: defined by users.

Explicit Cursor has 4 parts:

Cursor declaration - - in the declaration section


Opening Cursor - - - in the begin section
Reading Cursor- - - in the begin section
Closing Cursor- - - in the begin section
Syntax:

Cursor declaration: CURSOR <cursor_name>


IS
SELECT STATEMENT;
Example: CURSOR sail_cur
IS
Select * from Sailors;

Opening Cursor: OPEN <cursor_name>;


Example: OPEN sail_cur;

Reading Cursor: FETCH <cursor_name>


INTO <variable(s)>;

Example: FETCH sail_cur


INTO rec_sail;
(rec_sail sail_cur%rowtype)

Closing Cursor: CLOSE <cursor_name>;


Example: CLOSE sail_cur;
Cursor attributes:
%FOUND
%NOTFOUND
%ISOPEN
%ROWCOUNT

1. Program to display all sailors from sailors table (Explicit Cursor)


Declare
Cursor sail_cur
IS
Select * from Sailors;
Rec_sail Sailors%rowtype;
Begin
Open sail_cur;
Loop
Fetch sail_cur into Rec_sail;
Exit when sail_cur%NOTFOUND;
Dbms_output.put_line (sail_cur%rowcount||','||Rec_sail.sname||','||Rec_sail.rating||','||Rec_sail.age);
End Loop;
Close sail_cur;
End;
/
2. Program to display all boats from boats table (Cursor For Loop)
Declare
Cursor boat_cur
IS
Select bname,color from Boats;
Begin
For Rec_boat in boat_cur
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (boat_cur%rowcount||','||Rec_boat.bname||','||Rec_boat.color);
End Loop;
End;
/
4. Program to implement implicit cursor
Begin
Update Sailors
Set rating=rating+1
Where age>40;
If SQL%FOUND
THEN
Dbms_output.put_line (SQL%ROWCOUNT|| ' rows updated');
ELSE
Dbms_output.put_line ('Age group not found');
End If;
End;
/
Exercise: Write a PLSQL Select which reads a sid from user and gets the corresponding
sailor row into a record, use implicit cursor to display a message if no row is returned
for the given sid.
5. Program to implement implicit cursor

Declare
Rec_sail Sailors%rowtype;
Begin
SELECT * into Rec_sail
FROM Sailors
WHERE sid=&sid;
If SQL%FOUND
THEN
Dbms_output.put_line (Rec_sail.sname||','||Rec_sail.age);
ELSE
Dbms_output.put_line ('Sailor not found');
End If;
End;
/
6. Program to illustrate Cursor parameters
Declare
Cursor sail_reserves(p_sid number)
IS
Select s.sname,r.bid,r.day
from Sailors S, Reserves r
where s.sid=r.sid
and r.sid = p_sid;
Rec_sail sail_reserves%rowtype;
Begin
Open sail_reserves(22);
Loop
Fetch sail_reserves into Rec_sail;
Exit when sail_reserves %NOTFOUND;
Dbms_output.put_line (Rec_sail.sname||','||Rec_sail.bid||','||Rec_sail.day);
End Loop;
Close sail_reserves;
Open sail_reserves(64);
Loop
Fetch sail_reserves into Rec_sail;
Exit when sail_reserves %NOTFOUND;
Dbms_output.put_line (Rec_sail.sname||','||Rec_sail.bid||','||Rec_sail.day);
End Loop;
Close sail_reserves;
End;
/
PLSQL – Subprograms
Stored Functions
Syntax:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION <function-name>
[arguments] RETURN <datatype>
IS [<local-variables>;]
BEGIN
<statements>;
END [<function-name>];

Stored Procedures
Syntax:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE <function-name>
[arguments]
IS [<local-variables>;]
BEGIN
<statements>;
END [<procedure-name>];
Functions Examples:
1. Create or replace function pi
return number
is
begin
return round(22/7,2);
end;
/

i)declare
v_no number;
begin
v_no:=pi;
dbms_output.put_line(v_no);
End;
/

ii)begin
dbms_output.put_line(pi);
end;
/
2. Create or replace function pi_new
return number
is v_pi number(3,2);
begin
v_pi:=22/7;
return v_pi;
end;
/

3. Create or replace function num_add(p_no1 number,p_no2 number)


return number
is
v_add number(4);
begin
v_add:=p_no1+p_no2;
return v_add;
end;
/

select num_add(3,4) from dual


/
4. Create or replace function num_type(p_no number)
return varchar2
is
begin
if p_no>0
then return 'positive';
elsif p_no<0
then return 'negative';
else return 'zero';
end if;
end;
/

select num_type(9) from dual


/
Argument Types:

IN (Default) : A value cannot be assigned by the function to a parameter of type


IN, it has to be passed as an argument while calling the function

OUT: A value can be assigned by the function to a parameter of type OUT, but, it
cannot be passed as an argument while calling the function

IN OUT: It is a combination of both IN and OUT, a parameter of type IN OUT can


be
assigned a value in the functions, and can also be passed as an argument during
function call
5. create or replace function sample(a number, b number, c out number)
return number
is begin
c:=a-b;
return a+b;
end;
/

Declare
x number;
z number;
Begin
z:=sample(20,10,x);
dbms_output.put_line(x||' '||z);
end;
/
Procedure Examples:
Create or replace procedure edit_rating(p_sid number, p_rating number) is
Begin
update Sailors set rating=p_rating where sid=p_sid;
if SQL%found then
dbms_output.put_line(SQl%rowcount||' '||'rows updated');
else
dbms_output.put_line('no records found');
end if;
End;
/

execute edit_rating(22,10);
Viva Questions
1)What is the difference between a function and a stored procedure?
2) Write the process for creating and using explicit cursors in PLSQL
3) What is returned by the cursor attribute SQL%NOTFOUND?
4) What is returned by the cursor attribute SQL%FOUND?
5) What is the purpose of %type and %rowtype in PLSQL
6) What do you understand by PL/SQL cursors?
7)List the characteristics of PL/SQL?
8) What are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT?
9) What is a Transaction?
10) When do we go for normalizing a relation?
References
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_snAMq
CBitg
2. https://www.guru99.com/pl-sql-cursor.html
http://www2.cs.uh.edu/~ceick/6340/lab/
3. https://blogs.oracle.com/oraclemagazine/
Labs/Lab8/cursors.htm
working-with-cursors

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