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ch3 2

The document discusses multipath signal classification and the parameters of mobile multipath channels, including time dispersion parameters, coherence bandwidth, and Doppler spread. It explains how Power Delay Profiles (PDPs) are measured and modeled, and highlights the importance of RMS delay spread in relation to signal quality and data transmission rates. Additionally, it covers coherence bandwidth and coherence time, emphasizing their roles in understanding the dispersive and time-varying nature of communication channels.

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33 views30 pages

ch3 2

The document discusses multipath signal classification and the parameters of mobile multipath channels, including time dispersion parameters, coherence bandwidth, and Doppler spread. It explains how Power Delay Profiles (PDPs) are measured and modeled, and highlights the importance of RMS delay spread in relation to signal quality and data transmission rates. Additionally, it covers coherence bandwidth and coherence time, emphasizing their roles in understanding the dispersive and time-varying nature of communication channels.

Uploaded by

rayyan.maani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multipath signal

classification
Multipath signal
classification
Multipath signal
classification
Parameters of Mobile
Multipath Channels

 Time Dispersion Parameters


 Grossly quantifies the multipath
channel
 Determined from Power Delay Profile
 Parameters include
 Mean Exccess Delay
 RMS Delay Spread
 Maximum Excess Delay (X dB)

 Coherence Bandwidth
 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
Measuring PDPs
 Power Delay Profiles
Are measured by channel
sounding techniques
Plots of relative received power as
a function of excess delay
They are found by averaging
intantenous power delay
measurements over a local area
 Local area: no greater than 6m outdoor
 Local area: no greater than 2m indoor
Samples taken at /4 meters approximately
For 450MHz – 6 GHz frequency range.
Models for the PDP

1. Equal amplitude two-path


1
model
p( )   ( )   (  2 
2

1   
2. One
p ( ) side

exp exponential
 
 

1. Gaussian  
1 profile 
p ( )  exp  ;   0
2  
Time Dispersion
Parameters

 Determined from a power delay


profile
Time Dispersion
Parameters
Determined from a power delay profile.

 k k
a 2
 P( )( k k )
Mean excess delay ( )  k
 k

 k
a 2

k
 P( )
k
k

Rms delay spread       2


 2

 k k
a 2 2
 k k)
P ( )( 2

2  k
 k

 k
a 2

k
 P(
k
k )
Excess Delay
Excess Delay
Example
Time Dispersion
Parameters
Maximum Excess Delay (X dB):

Defined as the time delay value after which the


multipath energy falls to X dB below the
maximum multipath energy (not necesarily
belonging to the first arriving component).

It is also called excess delay spread.


PDP outdoor
PDP Indoor
Standard PDPs for GSM
Typical measured value of RMS delay
spread
PDP by TIA
 TIAis the Telecommunication
Industry Association.
 One path
 Bad urban, two path exponential

 Hilly Terrain, two path exponential


Importance of the RMS delay
spread

 The effect of multipath on the narrow band signal is


envelope fluctuations and Doppler spread. (flat fading
channel)
channel
 The effect of multipath on wide band signal is
envelope fluctuations, Doppler spread and time
dispersion which produces ISI. (frequency selective
fading channel)
channel
 The ISI produces error floor proportional to the
square value of the RMS delay spread.
 This limits the maximum data rate that can
be transmitted over a mobile channel.
Importance of the RMS delay
spread

 Aslong as the ratio of the RMS


delay to the symbol period is less
than 0.1, the effect of ISI is not
significant, no need for
equalization.
 Other wise, the effect will be
significant and equalization is used
to have flat response.
 Doppler Spectrum
Power density spectrum versus received
frequency
 Probability density of Doppler shift versus
received frequency
 The Doppler spectrum has a characteristic
U-shape.
 Note the similarity with sampling a
randomly-phased sinusoid
 No components fall outside interval [fc- fD,

fc+ fD]

 Components of + fD or -fD appear relatively


often
 Fades are not entirely “memory-less”
Derivation of Doppler
Spectrum
T h e p o w e r s p e c tr u m S ( f) is f o u n d f r o m
d
S( f 0 ) = p f  (  )G (  ) + f  (- )G (- )
df f 0

w h e re
f ( ) = 1 /( 2  ) is th e P D F o f a n g le o f in c id e n c e
G (  ) th e a n te n n a g a in in d ir e c tio n 
p lo c a l- m e a n r e c e iv e d p o w e r , a n d

 v 
f 0 = f c 1 + cos 
 c 

O n e f in d s d 1
=
df f 2
 (f - f )2
D c
Vertical Dipole
A vertical dipole is omni-directional in horizontal plane
G(θ) = 1.5
We assume
• Uniform angle of arrival of reflections
• No dominant wave

R e c e ive d P o w e r S p e c tru m
3 1
S(f) = p
2π f 2
- ( f - f c )2
D

• D o p p le r s p e c tru m is c e n te re d a ro u n d f c
• D o p p le r s p e c tru m h a s w id th 2 f D
Coherence bandwidth
Definition: Coherence. Bandwidth is the frequency separation for which the
correlation coefficient is down from 1 to 0.5 Thus 1 = 2(f1 - f2) TRMS
 so Coherence Bandwidth BW = 1 (2 TRMS)
 We derived this for an exponential delay profile

Another rule of thumb:


 ISI affects BER if Tb > 0.1TRMS

Conclusion:
 Either keep transmission bandwidth much smaller than the coherence
bandwidth of the channel, or
 use signal processing to overcome ISI, e.g.
 Equalization
 DS-CDMA with rake
 OFDM
Coherence bandwidth
Coherence bandwidth
Coherence bandwidth
Example

 For a multipath channel,  is given as


1.37s.
 The 50% coherence bandwidth is given as:
1/5 = 146kHz.
 This means that, for a good transmission from a
transmitter to a receiver, the range of transmission
frequency (channel bandwidth) should not exceed
146kHz, so that all frequencies in this band
experience the same channel characteristics.
 Equalizers are needed in order to use transmission
frequencies that are separated larger than this value.
 This coherence bandwidth is enough for an AMPS
channel (30kHz band needed for a channel), but is
not enough for a GSM channel (200kHz needed per
channel).
Coherence Time

 Delay spread and Coherence


bandwidth describe the time dispersive
nature of the channel in a local area.
 They don’t offer information about the time
varying nature of the channel caused by relative
motion of transmitter and receiver.
 Doppler Spread and Coherence time
They describe the time varying nature
of the channel in a small-scale region.
Coherence time
Coherence time

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