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Measures of Variability

The document discusses measures of variability, including range, variance, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, providing definitions, formulas, and examples for each. It includes sample problems related to special education students' test scores and reaction times to illustrate how to calculate population and sample variance and standard deviation. Additionally, it explains the concepts of skewness and kurtosis in data distribution, highlighting their implications in real-world scenarios.

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Janine Minoza Clavero
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7 views27 pages

Measures of Variability

The document discusses measures of variability, including range, variance, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, providing definitions, formulas, and examples for each. It includes sample problems related to special education students' test scores and reaction times to illustrate how to calculate population and sample variance and standard deviation. Additionally, it explains the concepts of skewness and kurtosis in data distribution, highlighting their implications in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

Janine Minoza Clavero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures of

Variability
Mellard A. Japson
What is Variability?

o Variability refers to how spread out or


closely clustered a set of data is.
o It provides insight into the consistency of
the data.
o Common measures: range, variance,
standard deviation, interquartile range
(IQR).
Understanding Range

o Definition: The difference between the


highest and lowest values in a dataset.
o Formula: Range = Maximum Value -
Minimum Value.
o Example: Data set [5, 7, 12, 15, 20], Range
= 20 - 5 = 15.
Variance

oVariance measures how far each


data point is from the mean.
• Formula: Variance
• σ² = Σ (xi - x̄)² / n for population,
• s² = Σ (xi - x̄)² / (n-1) for sample.
SAMPLE PROBLEM

• Sample Problem: Calculating Population and Sample Variance in Special Education


• Scenario:
• A special education teacher is analyzing the math test scores of a group of students with
learning disabilities to understand how much their performance varies. The scores are from a
small class of 7 students. The teacher wants to compute both the population variance and the
sample variance of the scores.
• The test scores are as follows:
82, 75, 90, 78, 85, 88, 80
• Tasks:
1. Population Variance
Assume that this set of scores represents the entire population of students in this special
education class. Calculate the population variance.
2. Sample Variance
Now, suppose this set of scores is a sample from a larger population of special education
students in the school. Calculate the sample variance.
SOLUTION
Solution
solution
VARIANCE
Understanding Standard Deviation

o Standard deviation is the square root of the variance.


o It provides a measure of the average distance of
each data point from the mean.
o Formula:
o σ = √(Σ (xi - x̄)² / n) for population,
o s = √(Σ (xi - x̄)² / (n-1)) for sample.
Sample Problem

• Scenario:
• A special education coordinator is tracking the reaction times (in seconds) of
students with ADHD during a focus-based activity. The coordinator wants to
analyze how the students' reaction times vary in order to adjust teaching
strategies. The reaction times of 6 students are recorded as follows:
• 3.5, 4.2, 5.0, 3.8, 4.6, 4.1
• Tasks:
1.Population Standard Deviation
Treat the data as the entire population of students in this special education group.
Calculate the population standard deviation.
2.Sample Standard Deviation
Now, consider the data as a sample from a larger group of students with ADHD.
Calculate the sample standard deviation.
Solution
cont..
Step 3: Calculate the Population
Standard Deviation (σ)
cont.
Skewness in Data Distribution
What is Skewness?

•Skewness refers to the degree of asymmetry in a data distribution.

•It indicates whether the data points cluster more towards one side of the distribution.
•Skewness can be positive, negative, or neutral (symmetrical).

•Visual: A symmetric, right-skewed, and left-skewed histogram for comparison.


Types of Skewness

•Symmetrical (No Skewness):


•Data is evenly distributed; the mean, median, and mode are equal.

•Positive Skewness (Right-Skewed):


Tail on the right side is longer or fatter; most values are concentrated on the left.

•Negative Skewness (Left-Skewed):


•Tail on the left side is longer or fatter; most values are concentrated on the right.
Skewness in Real-World Data

•Symmetrical Data:
Heights of adults, test scores with normal distribution.

•Positively Skewed:
Income distribution, where a small number of high incomes skew the data.

•Negatively Skewed:
Age at retirement, where most people retire at a later age, but a few retire earlier.
Sample problem
cont..
Cont..
cont..
Measure of Kurtosis

Kurtosis refers to the peakedness or flatness of a


distribution.
Mesokurtic is a normal distribution
Leptokurtic is more peaked than the normal
distribution.
Platykurtic is a flatter than the normal distribution.

A distribution is normal or mesokurtic if Ku


= 3, leptokurtic if ku > 3, and platykurtic if
ku <3.
Kurtosis (Ku) Formulas

Ku = Ku = kurtosis
Ns4 X = raw data
Xm = the class mark

Ku = S4 = square of the
Ns4 variance
N = sample size
sample

∑
In 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6
4
Mean = 4 (𝑥 −𝑥 ) 36
X=4
s = 1.22 𝑘=
𝑢 = =1.81−≈2.0
Ns4 = 19.94
𝑁𝑆 19.
4
9 3
Activity 1

The number of packs of cigarettes Mang kipweng sold during the last 12
days of October are as follows:

10, 15, 5, 21, 7, 25, 90, 14, 18, 20, 10, 12

Determine the following and interpret each result


a. Range
b. Standard Deviation
c. Skewness
d. Kurtosis

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