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DC - Lecture 12

The document discusses the process of converting analog signals to digital data through methods such as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation (DM). It outlines the steps involved in PCM, including sampling, quantization, and coding, as well as the importance of the Nyquist sampling rate. Additionally, it highlights the differences between PCM and DM, noting that DM simplifies the process by focusing on changes between samples rather than absolute values.

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MASTER JII
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3 views23 pages

DC - Lecture 12

The document discusses the process of converting analog signals to digital data through methods such as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation (DM). It outlines the steps involved in PCM, including sampling, quantization, and coding, as well as the importance of the Nyquist sampling rate. Additionally, it highlights the differences between PCM and DM, noting that DM simplifies the process by focusing on changes between samples rather than absolute values.

Uploaded by

MASTER JII
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA COMMUNICATION

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
ANALOG
TO
DIGITAL
CONVERSION
Analog to Digital Conversion

As we have seen, line coding can be used to convert binary


data to a digital signal.
Sometimes however, our data is analog, such as audio. If we
want to store the audio by recording it in a computer so that
we can send it digitally, we need to change it through a
process called sampling.

Topics discussed in this section:


Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Delta Modulation (DM)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

The most common technique to change an analog signal to digital


data (digitization) is called pulse code modulation (PCM).

A PCM encoder has three processes

1. The analog signal is sampled.


2. The sampled signal is quantized.
3. The quantized values are encoded as streams of bits.
Components of PCM Encoder- Sender
Components of PCM Decoder -
Receiver
Sampling

• The process of converting continuous time


in to discrete values is called sampling.
• The time axis is divided in to fixed intervals.
• The reading of each value of analog signal is
taken for each time interval.
Sampling Techniques
Quantization

• The process of converting continuous sample values into discrete


values is called quantization.

• In this process we divide the signal range into a fixed number of


intervals.

• Each intervals is of same size and is assigned a number. These


intervals are numbered between 0 to 7.

• Each sample falls in one of the intervals and is assigned that


interval's number.
Quantization Step
Uniform quantization vs Nonuniform quantization
Quantization error

The difference between an input value and its quantized value (such
as round-off error) is referred to as quantization error.

A device or algorithmic function that performs quantization is called


a quantizer.
Coding

• The process of representing quantized values digitally is called


coding

• In our example, eight quantizing levels are used. These levels can
be coded using 3 bits if the binary system is used, so each sample is
represented by 3 bits.

• The analog signal is represented digitally by the following series of


binary numbers:

001, 011, 100, 100, 010, 001, 011, 110, and 110.
Nyquist Sampling Rate
The Nyquist sampling rate is two times the highest frequency of
the input signal.

For instance, if the input signal has a high-frequency component of 1


kHz, then the sampler must sample at least 2 kHz.

Notice however that if the sampler happens to sample the waveform


exactly at the places where it crosses the zero line, it will appear like
there is zero signal. Therefore, the nyquist sampling rate is a bare
minimum, and it is recommended that samplers sample much faster
than the minimum.
For instance, one common guideline says that you should sample at
least 10 times faster than your input signal.
Nyquist Sampling Rate
Nyquist Rate

Nyquist  fs = 2fh
• Sampling sine wave at three sampling rates:

 fs = 4f (2 times the Nyquist rate)


 fs = 2f (Nyquist rate)
 fs = f (one-half the Nyquist rate)
Nyquist Sampling Rate
Quantization and encoding of a
sampled signal
Question - 01
Delta Modulation (DM)
PCM is a very complex technique. Other techniques have been
developed to reduce the complexity of PCM. The simplest is delta
modulation. PCM finds the value of the signal amplitude for each
sample; DM finds the change from the previous sample. Following
figure shows the process. Note that there are no code words here; bits
are sent one after another.
Components of Delta
Modulator

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