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DC - Lecture 11

The document discusses various digital transmission encoding schemes, including Polar, Manchester, Differential Manchester, and block coding techniques like 4B/5B and 8B/10B. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method, focusing on synchronization, error detection, and bandwidth requirements. Additionally, it covers scrambling techniques such as B8ZS and HDB3, which address synchronization issues in bipolar encoding.

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MASTER JII
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24 views26 pages

DC - Lecture 11

The document discusses various digital transmission encoding schemes, including Polar, Manchester, Differential Manchester, and block coding techniques like 4B/5B and 8B/10B. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method, focusing on synchronization, error detection, and bandwidth requirements. Additionally, it covers scrambling techniques such as B8ZS and HDB3, which address synchronization issues in bipolar encoding.

Uploaded by

MASTER JII
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATA COMMUNICATION

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
ENCODING
SCHEMES
POLAR
• Uses Two voltage levels - one positive and the other one
negative
• 1 = + A/2
• 0 = - A/2
MANCHESTER
•
ENCODING
the mid-bit transition serves as a clocking mechanism and also as
data
• It is Biphase encoding technique designed to overcome the
limitations of NRZ

• Low-to-high = 1 High-to-low = 0
BIPHASE: MANCHESTER
The idea of RZ (transition at the middle of the bit) and the idea
of NRZ-L are combined into the Manchester scheme. In
Manchester encoding, the duration of the bit is divided into
two halves. The voltage remains at one level during the first
half and moves to the other level in the second half.
DIFFERENTIAL
MANCHESTER ENCODING
• The encoding of a 0 is represented by the presence of a
transition both at the beginning and at the middle
• 1 is represented by a transition only in the middle of the bit period.

• inversion in the middle of each bit is used for synchronization


• Uses differential encoding
CHARACTERISTICS OF
BIPHASE ENCODING
• Two levels
• Transition in each bit
• Manchester code is used in IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) standard for baseband coaxial
cables and twisted pair CSMA/CD bus LANs.
• Differential Manchester is used in the IEEE 802.5 token ring LAN, using shielded
twisted pair.

• Advantage:
• Good Synchronization
• No DC component

• Disadvantage:
• Higher bandwidth requirement due to doubling of baud rate with respect to
data rate
BIPHASE: DIFFERENTIAL MANCHESTER
Differential Manchester, on the other hand, combines the ideas of RZ and NRZ-I.
There is always a transition at the middle of the bit, but the bit values are
determined at the beginning of the bit. If the next bit is 0, there is a transition; if the
next bit is 1, there is none.
BLOCK CODING
We need redundancy to ensure synchronization and to provide some kind of inherent error detecting. Block
coding can give us this redundancy and improve the performance of line coding. In general, block coding
changes a block of m bits into a block of n bits, where n is larger than m. Block coding is referred to as an
mB/nB encoding technique.

Concept:
BLOCK CODING -
ADVANTAGES
• unlike line codes which operate on a stream of information bits,
block codes operate on block of information bits Block coding was
introduced to improve the performance of the line coding

• Introduces redundancy to achieve synchronization. redundant


bit(s) are added to each block of information bits to ensure
synchronization and error detection

• encodes data in blocks

• acts on a block of k bits of input data to produce n bits of output data (n,k)
4B/5B ENCODING
• the 5-bit output that replaces the 4-bit input

• The 5-bit code has no more than one leading zero (left bit)
and no more than two trailing zeros (right bits)

• More than three consecutive 0’s do not occur

• 4B/5B-NRZI encoding is used in FDDI LAN


Block coding concept
Using block coding 4B/5B with NRZ-I line coding
4B/5B mapping codes
Example • Advantages:
• It solves the problem of
synchronization
• It overcomes
few deficiencies of
NRZI

• Disadvantages:
• Increases the signal
rate
• Does not solve DC
component problems
8B/10B
ENCODING
• 8-bit data blocks are substituted by 10-bit code

• Provides more error detection capability


• Leads to increase in bandwidth
• Bandwidth can be reduced by using suitable line coding

• The 8B/10B block coding is actually a combination of 5B/6B and


3B/4B encodings
SCRAMBLING
TECHNIQUES
• the biphase techniques have not been widely used in
long-distance applications
• As a high signalling rate is required relative to the data
rate

• Alternate Scheme:
• Scrambling (e.g., B8ZS, HDB3)

• Design goals:
• No dc component
• No long sequences of zero-level line signals
• No reduction in data rate
• Error-detection capability
SCRAMBLING: B8ZS
Bipolar with 8-zero substitution (B8ZS) is commonly used in North America. In
this technique, eight consecutive zero-level voltages are replaced by the sequence
000VB0VB. The V in the sequence denotes violation; this is a nonzero voltage that
breaks an AMI rule of encoding (opposite polarity from the previous). The B in the
sequence denotes bipolar, which means a nonzero level voltage in accordance with
the AMI rule. There are two cases. See the picture below.
SCRAMBLING: HDB3
High-density bipolar 3-zero (HDB3) is commonly used outside of North America. In this technique, which is
more conservative than B8ZS, four consecutive zero level voltages are replaced with a sequence of 000V or
B00V. The reason for two different substitutions is to maintain the even number of nonzero pulses after each
substitution. The two rules can be stated as follows:
1. If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is odd, the substitution pattern will be 000V,
which makes the total number of nonzero pulses even.
2.If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is even, the substitution pattern will be B00V,
which makes the total number of nonzero pulses even.
BIPOLAR WITH 8-ZEROS
SUBSTITUTION
• B8ZS coding scheme is based on a bipolar-AMI
• Removes the synchronization issue of AMI

• How?
• If an octet of all zeros occurs and the last voltage pulse
preceding this octet was positive, then the eight zeros of
the octet are encoded as 000+-0-+
• If an octet of all zeros occurs and the last voltage pulse
preceding this octet was negative, then the eight zeros of
the octet are encoded as 000-+0+-

• The receiver recognizes the patterns and interprets the


octet as consisting of all zeros.
HIGH-DENSITY BIPOLAR-3
ZEROS
• HDB3 coding scheme is based on a bipolar-AMI
• Removes the synchronization issue of AMI

• How?
• the scheme replaces strings of four zeros following the
rules:
NEXT TOPICS
Analog to Digital Conversion

 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

 Delta Modulation (DM)

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