DATA COMMUNICATIONS, DATA NETWORKS, AND THE

INTERNET
SWITCHING DEVICES
 Gateway
 Bridges

 Gateway is used to connect two networks with different

protocols and bridge is used to connect networks with same
protocols
Data communications deals with the transmission of signals in a reliable and
efficient manner.
Topics covered include
 signal transmission
 transmission media
 signal encoding
 Interfacing
 data link control
 multiplexing.
 WHY TODAYS
ENTERPRISES NEED HIGH
SPEED NETWORK?
 KEY TASKS THAT MUST BE PERFORMED IN A DATA
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Transmission system utilization
 Siemens DSLAM SURPASS hiX 5625
A DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) is a network
device, usually at a telephone company central office, that receives
signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections
and puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing
techniques.
Introduction 1-
14
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
 selection is a basic choice
 internal use entirely up to business
 long-distance links made by carrier

 rapid technology advances change mix

 fiber optic
 wireless

 transmission costs still high

 hence interest in efficiency improvements
NETWORK
TYPES
NETWORK TYPES
There are mainly three types of computer networks based on their size:

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide area network (WAN)
LAN
 Local Area Network (LAN)

A group of computers and network devices connected together,

usually within the same building.
 Examples:
 Computer network of a University campus

9A-
12
 MAN
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a larger network that usually extents several
buildings in the same city or town.
 In Metropolitan area network various Local area networks are connected with each other
through telephone lines.
 The size of the Metropolitan area network is larger than LANs and smaller than
WANs(wide area networks), a MANs covers the larger area of a city or town.

9A-
13
 WAN
 WAN (Wide area network) provides long distance transmission of data. The size of
the WAN is larger than LAN and MAN.
 A WAN can cover country, continent or even a whole world. Internet connection is an
example of WAN.
 Other examples of WAN are mobile broadband connections such as 3G, 4G etc.

9A-
14
WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WAN)

 Wide Area Networks or WANs refer to networks that allow interconnection

across large distances. They may span over cities or even countries.

 WANs are typically optical fiber-based.

 Frame relay, ATM, and SONET/SDH are examples of technologies that may
be in use.

📝 Note: The Internet itself is a whole lot of LANs, interconnected by means of

MANs and WANs.
NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES
TYPES BY TOPOLOGY

 Computer networks can also be categorized in terms of network

topologies.
 These topologies include: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh.
 Note that these topologies are strictly logical, i.e., they do not dictate how
the wires would be connected physically, but they do dictate how the data
flows in the network.

Topology refers to the way in which the network of computers is connected

Network
Architecture
vs
Network Topology
BUS TOPOLOGY
Every end system will receive any signal that is sent on the main
or backbone medium.

A bus topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in

which all the nodes are connected to a single cable.

Limitations
 A break in the cable will disrupt the entire network.
 Only one system can transmit at a time.

No of cables: N + 1
No of Ports of each device: 1

Total of Ports of each device: N

RING
TOPOLOGY
 A ring topology is a network configuration in
which device connections create a
circular data path.
 Each networked device is connected to two
others, like points on a circle. Together, devices
in a ring topology are referred to as a ring Tokens used to transmit data
network.
 In a ring network, packets of data travel from one
device to the next until they reach their
destination.
 Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only
in one direction, called a unidirectional ring
network.
 Others permit data to move in either direction,
called bidirectional.
RING TOPOLOGY
In this topology, end systems communicate with each
other through each other.
So the message travels along the ring passing each system until
the target system itself is reached.
Theoretically, n/2 systems can be transmitting to their adjacent
neighbor at the same time.

 Limitations
 The basic ring topology is unidirectional so n -1 end systems
would have to transfer messages for end system #1 to talk to end
system #n
 A break in the cable will disrupt the entire network.
No ofcables: 1 (backbone cable)
No of Ports of each device: 1 (Only drop line
link)

Total of Ports of each device: N

 STAR TOPOLOGY
All end systems talk to each other through one central device
such as a router or switch.

Limitations
 Hosts can all be transmitting at the same time. However, if the
central device fails, the network is completely down.
STAR
TOPOLOGY
 All nodes connect to a hub
 Packets sent to hub
 Hub sends packet to destination
 Advantages
 Easy to setup
 One cable can not crash network
 Disadvantages
 One hub crashing downs entire
network
 Uses lots of cable

No of cables: N
No of Ports of each device: 1

Total of Ports of each device: N

 TREE TOPOLOGY
 This topology is also known as the star-
bus topology.
 It essentially consists of a bunch of star
networks connected together with a large bus.
MESH TOPOLOGY
In this topology, every end system is directly connected to
every other end system.

Limitations
 The mesh topology (if physically realized as a mesh):
 Is expensive
 Hard to scale
 Used in specialized applications only
MESH
TOPOLOGY
 There is not a concept of a central switch, hub or computer
which acts as a central point of communication to pass on the
messages.

 It can be divided into two kinds:

 Fully connected mesh topology (All node are connected

to each other)
 Partially connected mesh topology (not all the nodes
connected to each other) Cost+
 No of cables: N* (N-1) /2

 No of Ports of each device: (N-1)

 Total of Ports of each device: (N-1)*N
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
DIRECTIONS
 Switching sends the data along different routes

CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING

ARE TWO OF THE MAIN MODELS USED TO FACILITATE CONNECTIONS WITHIN ENTERPRISE
NETWORKS

Introduction 2-29
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING

 Circuit switching is when a “Dedicated Channel” needs to be established

before users can speak to each other on a call.
 Circuit switching connections are classified as half duplex or full duplex.

 Half duplex communications allocate one channel and full duplex

communications allocate two channels.
 Circuit switching is most commonly-used to sustain TELEPHONE SYSTEMS
so that whenever the phone is picked up the conversation can begin.
 Circuit switching is considered to be distinct from packet switching because
it provides a physical path between the source and destination.

Introduction 2-30
THREE PHASES OF CIRCUIT
SWITCHING
 As circuit switching is CONNECTION ORIENTED it means we need to make
connection first.

 1- Circuit establishment
 2- Data Transfer
 3- Circuit Disconnection

Introduction 2-31
 PROS AND CONS OF CIRCUIT
SWITCHING
PROS CONS
 Decreases the amount of  Isn’t
right for any other type of
delay the user connections.
experiences before and  channel is reserved for future
during a call. conversations.
 Consistent  Connected oriented.
bandwidth,
channels  Link can’t be used to send any other
data even when free.
 Correct sequence.
 If active users exceeds the number of
channels you have available then
calls will fail to take place or will be
dropped in the middle.
 Administrators are under pressure to
make sure that channels keep up.
 In addition, even setting up calls
results in delay so the connection
needs to be fully established before
Introduction the conversation can take place. 2-32
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING
 Network Resource

i.e. Bandwidth

Methods to divide link bandwidth into pieces (to multiple

connection)

Time Division multiplexing

Frequency Division
multiplexing

2-33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cug52cpjM_g
MULTIPLEXING (IMP TOPIC)
 Generally, a communication channel such as an optical fiber or
coaxial cable can carry only one signal at any moment in time. This
results in wastage of bandwidth.
 However, we can overcome this drawback by using a technique
called MULTIPLEXING.
 By using the multiplexing technique, we can easily send multiple
signals simultaneously over a communication channel (medium).

Definition
 Multiplexing is a technique which combines multiple signals into
one signal, suitable for transmission over a communication channel
such as coaxial cable or optical fiber.

Introduction 2-34
  The multiplexing technique divides the communication channel into several
logical sub-channels.
 Each logical sub-channel is dedicated to an individual signal.
 Thus, the multiple signals are sent simultaneously over a shared
communication channel (medium).
 Multiplexing has-been used for many years in long-distance telephony.
 Multiplexing is done by using a device called Multiplexer or MUX.

a large amount of bandwidth is wasted.

the bandwidth is effectively used.

Introduction 2-35
 A multiplexer is a device that takes multiple analog signals and forwards the selected input into
a single line. These devices are used to increase the amount of data that can be transmitted
over a network.

Introduction 1-36
 https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=B1tElYnFqL8
Introduction 1-37
 PACKET SWITCHING
 mesh of interconnected routers
 packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages
into packets
 forward packets from one router
to the next, across links on path
from source to destination

Packet switching is a method of transferring the data to a

network in form of packets. In order to transfer the file fast
and efficient manner over the network and minimize the
transmission latency, the data is broken into small pieces of
variable length, called Packet.

At the destination, all these small-parts (packets) has to be

reassembled, belonging to the same file.
 PROS AND CONS OF PACKET SWITCHING

PROS CONS
 paths to their  unsuitable for
destination without applications that
the need for a require minimal
dedicated channel. latency.
 With packet  If there is too much
switching packets traffic then packets
can be resent if they will be dropped in
don’t reach their transit.
destination.
 relies on a range of
complex protocols

Introduction 2-39
 STORE AND
FORWARD TECHNIQUE
 Packet Switching uses Store and Forward technique while
switching the packets
 while forwarding the packet each hop first store that packet then
forward.
 This technique is very beneficial because packets may get discarded
at any hop due to some reason (congestion)
 More than one path is possible between a pair of source and
destination.
 Packets belonging to the same file may or may not travel through
the same path. If there is congestion at some path, packets are
allowed to choose different path possible over existing network.
 Packet-Switched networks were designed to overcome
the weaknesses of Circuit-Switched networks since circuit-switched
networks were not very effective for small messages.
Introduction 2-40
 FOR YOUR INFORMATION

Introduction 2-41