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Best Subquery

A SQL subquery is a query nested within another SQL query, which can occur in various clauses such as SELECT and WHERE. Subqueries can be categorized into single row, multiple row, and multiple column subqueries, each serving different purposes based on the number of results they return. Additionally, subqueries can be nested and used in the FROM clause, with scalar subqueries returning a single value when expected.

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22 views17 pages

Best Subquery

A SQL subquery is a query nested within another SQL query, which can occur in various clauses such as SELECT and WHERE. Subqueries can be categorized into single row, multiple row, and multiple column subqueries, each serving different purposes based on the number of results they return. Additionally, subqueries can be nested and used in the FROM clause, with scalar subqueries returning a single value when expected.

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MAJID
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL

Subquery
By Vinod Sencha
What is SQL Sub query?

A sub query is a SQL query nested


inside a larger query.
Where Sub query occurs?
A subquery may occurs in:
• A SELECT clause
• A WHERE clause
• The sub query can be nested inside a SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement or inside
another sub query.
• A sub query is usually added within the WHERE clause
of another SQL SELECT statement.
• You can use the comparison operators, such as >, <,
or
=. The comparison operator can also be a multiple-row
operator, such as IN, ANY, or ALL.
SUBQUERY SYNTAX

• The subquery (inner query) executes before the main


query(outer query).
• The result of the subquery is used by the main query.
TYPE OF SUBQUERIES
• Single row subquery : Returns zero or one
row.

• Multiple row subquery : Returns one or more


rows.

• Multiple column subqueries : Returns one or


more columns.
SINGLE ROW SUBQUERIES
• The single row subquery returns one row. The single row query
uses any operator in the query i.e. (=,<=, >=, <>, <, > ).
• EXAMPLE:

• department table

Employee table
• Suppose you want to find out the ename, job,sal of the
employees whose salaries are less than that of an employee
whose empno= 7876 from EMP table. Now you need to
perform two queries in order to get the desired result.
1. We will find out the salary of the employee whose
empno=7876. the query is as under:

2. Now in second query we will apply the condition from which


we will find the ename, job and sal. We will use the query as
under:
• The above two queries can be used as single query by
using the concept of subquery. It will combine the result
into a single query as under:
MULTIPLE ROW SUBQUERY
• Returns sets of rows. Query uses the set comparison
operators (IN, ALL, ANY). if u use a multirow subquery
with the equals comparison operators, the database will
return an error if more than one row is returned.

SYMBOL MEANING
IN Equal to any member in a list.
ANY Return rows that match any value on a list.
ALL Return rows that match all the values in a list.
IN Operator
• The IN operator retirns true if the comparison value is
contained in the list.
• The following statement finds the employee whose
salary is the same as the minimum salary of the
employees in the department.
ANY Operator
• The ANY operator return true if the comparison
value matches any of the values in the list.
• Display the employees whose salary is more than the
minimum salary of the employees in any department.
ALL Operator
• Returns true only if the comparison value matches all the
values in the list.
• Display the employee detail with salary less than those whose
job is ‘MANAGER’.
MULTIPLE COLUMN SUBQUERY
• A subquery that compares more than one column
between the parent query and subquery is called the
multiple column subqueries.
• List the employees that makes the same salary as other
employee with empno=7521 with the same job also.
Nested Subqueries
SQL provides a mechanism for the nesting of subqueries.
A subquery is a select-from-where expression that is nested within another
query.
The nesting can be done in the following SQL query

select A1, A2, ..., An


from r1, r2, ..., rm
where P

as follows:
Ai can be replaced be a subquery that generates a single value.
ri can be replaced by any valid subquery
P can be replaced with an expression of the form:
B <operation> (subquery)
Where B is an attribute and <operation> to be defined later.
Subqueries in the From Clause
SQL allows a subquery expression to be used in the from clause
Find the average instructors’ salaries of those departments where the average salary
is greater than $42,000.”
select dept_name, avg_salary
from (select dept_name, avg (salary) as avg_salary
from instructor
group by dept_name)
where avg_salary > 42000;
Note that we do not need to use the having clause
Another way to write above query
select dept_name, avg_salary
from (select dept_name, avg (salary)
from instructor
group by dept_name) as dept_avg (dept_name, avg_salary)
where avg_salary > 42000;
Scalar Subquery
Scalar subquery is one which is used where a single value
is expected
List all departments along with the number of instructors
in each department
select dept_name, (select count(*) from
instructor
where department.dept_name =
instructor.dept_name)
as num_instructors
from department;
Runtime error if subquery returns more than one result
tuple
Thank you

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