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Lecture 02

The document discusses the three-level architecture of database management systems, which separates user views from physical data representation. It outlines the external, conceptual, and internal levels, emphasizing the importance of data independence and different user perspectives. The conceptual schema provides a complete description of the database's information content, while external views cater to individual user needs and evolve over time.

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Muhammad Faisal
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4 views22 pages

Lecture 02

The document discusses the three-level architecture of database management systems, which separates user views from physical data representation. It outlines the external, conceptual, and internal levels, emphasizing the importance of data independence and different user perspectives. The conceptual schema provides a complete description of the database's information content, while external views cater to individual user needs and evolve over time.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Faisal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database

Management
Systems

Lecture - 2
Lecture Overview
Database Architecture

Data Independence
Database
Architecture
Three Level
Architecture
A basis for understanding DBMS
functionalities
Three levels at which data can be
described
Objective
Separate users view from the physical representation
Why?

Different views of same data


Consolidated representation
Both ways easy change
The Three-Level
Architecture
User 1 User 2 User n
External
Level
View 1 View 2 View n

Conceptual Conceptual
Level Schema
Internal
Internal Level
Schema

Physical Data
Organization Database
The Architecture
Depicted by three schemas or three models
Refers to permanent structure or intention of database
Level 1
External View

The way users think about data


External View
Each user has a view of the database limited to the appropriate portion of
the user’s perspective of reality.
External View

Users may have different views of the same data e.g. date, time etc.
External View
Virtual/calculated data: that is not actually stored in the database but is
created when needed e.g. age, statistical data etc.
External View
DBMS uses external views to create user interface for different users which
is both the facility and barrier
External View
User’s external view is created after considering data access, reports, and
the transactions needs.
External View

External schema evolves as user needs are modified over time


Employee Data Workers
Saleema
First Name: Rana Name: R. Aslam
Last Name: Aslam Age: 25y,10d
Date of Birth: Dept: Sales
12 Sep, 1970
Saleem

External Layer

Lower Layers
Level 2
Logical or Conceptual
View

A complete description of the information content of the database


Conceptual Schema
The entire information structure of the database, as seen by the DBA
The community view of data
Conceptual Schema

All entities, attributes and their relationships are represented here


Conceptual Schema
Contains record types representing entities, data item types with their
attributes, relationships and constraints on data.
Conceptual Schema

Contains Semantic information about


the data meaning, security and
integrity information
Conceptual Schema
Relatively constant: designed with the present as well as future needs of an
organization
Employee Data Workers
Saleema
First Name: Rana Name: R. Aslam
Last Name: Aslam Age: 24y,10d
Date of Birth: Dept: Sales
12 Sep, 1970
Saleem
External Layer
Logical Record Interface
Conceptual Layer

Name DoB Deps DepId


Rana Aslam 12/09/70 5 D001
Marya Wasti 29/02/80 0 D005

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