CHAPTER 4

NETWORKING AND THE INTERNET

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 Chapter 4: Networking and the
Internet

Network
The World
Fundamental The Internet
Wide Web
s

Internet Simple Client

Security
Protocols Server

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 4.1 Network Fundamentals

• Network Software allows users to exchange information

and share resources
– Content
– Software
– Data storage facilities
• Network software has evolved into a network-wide
operating system
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 Network Classifications
Scope

• Personal Area Network (short-range)

• Local Area Network (building/campus)
• Metropolitan Area Network (community)
• Wide Area Network (greater distances)

Ownership

• Closed versus open

Topology (configuration)

• Bus (Ethernet)
• Star (Wireless networks with central Access Point)

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 Figure 4.1 Two popular network topologies
(1 of 2)

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 Protocols

• Rules by which activities are conducted on a network

– Example: Coordinating the transmission of
messages between computers
• Need to avoid all machines transmitting at the
same time
• Allows vendors to build products that are compatible
with products from other vendors
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 Protocols for Transmitting Messages

• CSMA/Collision Detection
– used in Ethernet
– both machines stop and wait for a independent, random
time
• CSMA/Collision Avoidance
– used in WiFi, where not all machines can hear each other
(hidden terminal problem)
– give advantage to the machine that has already been
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Figure 4.2 Communication over a bus
network
 Combining Networks

• Repeater: passes all messages across two busses

• Bridge: passes only messages that are destined for
computers on the other bus
• Switch: acts like a bridge, but with connections to
multiple busses
• Router: Connects two incompatible networks
resulting in a network of networks called an
internet
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 Methods of Process Communication

• Client-server
– Many clients, one server (executing continuously)
– Clients make requests of other processes
– Server satisfies requests made by clients
• Peer-to-peer (P2P)
– Two processes communicating as equals
– Processes execute on a temporary basis
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 Figure 4.6 The client/server model
compared to the peer-to-peer model

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 Distributed Systems

• Systems units that execute as processes on different computers

– Cluster computing
• Independent computers work closely together instead of a
single, much larger machine
– Grid computing
• Millions of home PCs (not connected to each other) work
on a complex problem
– Cloud computing
• Provide services, hide the details
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 4.2 The Internet

• The Internet is an internet that spans the world

– Original goal was to link a variety of networks into a
connected system unaffected by local disasters
– Today, it is a commercial undertaking that links a
worldwide combination of PANs, LANs, MANs, and
WANs involving millions of computers

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 Internet Architecture

• Internet Service Provider (ISP)

– Tier-1 (Internet backbone)
– Tier-2
• Access or Tier-3 ISP: Provides connectivity to the Internet
– Hot spot (wireless)
– Telephone lines
– Cellular
– Cable/Satellite systems
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 Internet Addressing

• IP address: pattern of 32 or 128 bits often represented in dotted

decimal notation
• Mnemonic address:
– Domain names (mu.edu)
– Top-Level Domains
• .org, .gov, .com, .mil, .net, .au, .ca, .biz, ….
• Domain name system (DNS)
– Name servers
– DNS lookup
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 Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names & Numbers (ICANN)

Allocates blocks of IP addresses to ISPs who then

assign those addresses within their regions.

Oversees the registration of domains and domain

names.

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 More Recent Applications

Voice Over IP (VoIP) Internet Multimedia

Streaming
N-unicast
Multicast
On-demand streaming
Content delivery networks (CDNs)

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 4.3 World Wide Web
Hypertext combines internet
Embeds hyperlinks to other
technology with concept of documents
linked-documents

Browsers present materials to the user

Webservers provide access to documents

Documents are identified by URLs and transferred using HTTP

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 Figure 4.8 A typical URL

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 Figure 4.9 A simple webpage

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 Extensible Markup Language (XML)

• XML: A language for constructing markup languages

similar to HTML
• A descendant of the Standard Generalized Markup
Language
• Opens door to a World Wide Semantic Web

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 Figure 4.11 The first two bars of
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony

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 Client Side Versus Server Side
Client-side activities (browser)

• Javascript
• Java applets
• Macromedia Flash

Server-side activities (webserver)

• Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

• Servlets
• JavaServer Pages (JSP) / Active Server Pages (ASP)
• PHP

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 4.4 Internet Protocols

Control how messages are transferred over the

Internet

This software must reside on every computer in the

Internet

Accomplished by a multi-level hierarchy

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Figure 4.12 Package-shipping example
 Internet Software Layers
Application: Constructs message with address

Transport: Chops message into packets

Network: Handles routing through the Internet

Link: Handles actual transmission of packets

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 TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Transport Layer Network Layer

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • IPv4
• IPv6

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 Figure 4.15 Choosing between TCP
and UDP

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 4.5 Simple Client Server Program

• Socket: an abstraction for processes at the application

layer to connect to the network via the transport layer
– Needs to know
• Source Address name (localhost)
• Source Port number(1023…65535)
• Destination Address
• Destination Port number
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 4.6 Cybersecurity

• Forms of Attack
– Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, phishing software)
– Denial of service (DoS)
– Spam (common medium for delivering malware)
• Protection and Cures
– Firewalls
– Spam filters
– Proxy Servers
– Antivirus software
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 Cryptography

HTTPS for secure Internet access

Public key: Used to encrypt

Public-key Encryption messages
(asymmetric) Private key: Used to decrypt
messages

Trusted to maintain lists of public

keys
Certificate Authorities Provide Certificates to clients
containing a party’s name and its
public key

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 Thank you

Dr AlRAWI​ musabalrawi@halic www.halic.edu.tr

.edu.tr

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