Scribd
Upload
7 views17 pages

CA L2 Difference Between Organization and Architecture

The document outlines the differences between computer organization and architecture, where organization refers to the hardware components and their interconnections, while architecture pertains to the qualities visible to programmers that affect program execution. It describes a layered model of computer systems, detailing levels from digital logic to high-level languages, and how software interacts with hardware through various stages of instruction processing. Each layer serves a specific function, from basic digital circuits to complex operating systems and high-level programming languages.

Uploaded by

toybamdwww1234
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views17 pages

CA L2 Difference Between Organization and Architecture

The document outlines the differences between computer organization and architecture, where organization refers to the hardware components and their interconnections, while architecture pertains to the qualities visible to programmers that affect program execution. It describes a layered model of computer systems, detailing levels from digital logic to high-level languages, and how software interacts with hardware through various stages of instruction processing. Each layer serves a specific function, from basic digital circuits to complex operating systems and high-level programming languages.

Uploaded by

toybamdwww1234
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Difference between Organization

and Architecture
Computer Organization
• refers to the operational units of the
computer and their interconnections

• main hardware units are the CPU,


memory, I/O units etc

1
Difference between Organization
and Architecture
Computer Organization
• Hardware details such as various
computational units, control signals,
interfaces between computer
peripherals, and the memory
technology used

2
Computer Architecture

• qualities of a system that are visible


to a programmer. These qualities
have an effect on the execution of a
program.

3
Computer Architecture

• The number of bits used to represent


various data types
• the instruction set of the computer
• techniques for addressing memory
• methods used for input-output etc.

4
Software/Hardware Interaction

• A program is a set of instructions that


specify the operations, the operands
and the sequence by which processing
has to occur.
• The procedure of entering a program in
some high level language or in some
low level language and receiving the
output results involves the simultaneous
working of software and hardware.
5
Software/Hardware Interaction
• The computer program consists of a list of
instructions which are stored in the memory.
These instructions are brought from the
memory into the processor and the specific
operation is executed. The procedure
involves the following steps:
• Fetch the instruction
• Decode the instruction
• Fetch the operands
• Execute the instruction
• Store the results
6
Layered Model
• A program is fed into the computer through its
input unit and the results are available through
its output unit.
• The real computation is performed by digital
gates.
• The architecture of the computer from the digital
logic gates up to the solution of the problem in a
form easily understood by everyone, involves
many stages.

7
Layered Model
• The study of organization and functioning of a
computer can be simplified by considering it to
be consisting of many modules.
• Each of these modules can be regarded as a
layer or a level.

8
Theory of layers

L6-High Level anguage


Compiler (translator)

L5-Assembly Language
Assembler
(translator)
L4-Operating System
Partial interpretation
L3-Instruction set architecture

Interpreter

L2-Microarchitecture
Hardware

L1-Digital logic

Figure 1.3 Layered Model of the computer

9
Level 1-Digital Logic

• true hardware of the machine


• actual computation at the gate level is taking place
through digital circuits
• Level 1 comprises of digital gates which are built
from transistors
• Each gate has a digital input which is either 0 or 1,
which represents the analog low level or analog high
level
• All other digital circuits like memory and registers
are formed by groups of these gates

10
Level 2 - Microarchitecture
• performs the execution of the most basic digital
circuits by using software commands.
• also comprises of digital circuits to perform
memory and ALU operations.
• The registers are connected to the ALU and the
connection path is called a data path over which
the data flows.
• operation of the data path is controlled by a
program called a microprogram which can be
controlled by hardware or software

11
Level 3
Instruction set architecture
• Instruction set that the machine uses is laid
down by the architect of the machine.
• At this level, the instruction set used by the
machine is described which the micro
architectural level uses to execute the basic
instructions.
• These instructions are carried out through an
interpreter and use machine language. Thus, by
using the instruction set in its machine language,
the required computation is performed.

12
Level 4
Operating system machine level

• Instructions to control the operation of the


computer.
• Though most of the instructions of the
operating system level and its language
are also present in the instruction set
architecture level, the level 4 also has a
set of new instructions
• It requires a different memory organization
13
Level 4
Operating system machine level

• It can also run more than one program


simultaneously.
• The programs are run by an interpreter
which operates at level 2, but those
instruction of operating system level which
are identical to the instruction set level are
carried out directly by the microprogram or
the hardwired control, not by the operating
system.
14
Level 5
Assembly language level
• a symbolic form used by the specific
processor to solve the problem
• The programs in assembly language are
translated to lower levels and then
interpreted by the concerned machine.
The program that performs the translation
is called an assembler.

15
Level 6 - High level language

• used by the applications programmer to


solve the problems
• There are many different high level
languages that exist. For example, BASIC,
C, C++, C-Sharp, Java, Prolog. Programs
written in these languages are translated
to level 4, 5 by compilers.

16
Level 6 - High level language

• Though compilers are primarily used at


Level 5, but an interpreter may also be
used for a specific application, such as
symbolic mathematics.
• This kind of interpreter is used specifically
to provide data and operations for solving
problems at this level.

17

You might also like