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CA L3 Central Processing Unit

The document outlines the structure and functionality of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), detailing its three main components: the processor, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the CPU's role in fetching, decoding, and executing instructions through a cycle known as the fetch-decode-execute cycle. Additionally, it explains the functions of the Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers within the CPU.

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3 views17 pages

CA L3 Central Processing Unit

The document outlines the structure and functionality of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), detailing its three main components: the processor, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the CPU's role in fetching, decoding, and executing instructions through a cycle known as the fetch-decode-execute cycle. Additionally, it explains the functions of the Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers within the CPU.

Uploaded by

toybamdwww1234
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Central Processing Unit

Functional Units
1. Processor
2. Memory
3. Input/Output

1
Three main units CPU, memory and I/O interconnected
through system bus .

System Bus

Input Output
Device Device

Keyboard Printer
Processor Memory

I/O
Devices

Figure 3.1 Functional Units of a simple computer with two I/O devices

2
Processor

• Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the


‘brain’ of the computer and controls its
functioning
• responsibility of program interpretation and
execution
• fetches instructions from the memory by
providing the address and control signals
needed by the memory to access the data
3
Processor contd.
• CPU decodes the instructions, and
provides control signals for the execution
to be completed.
• Some operations are performed internally
by the CPU to supply the address, data,
and control signals required by memory
and I/O devices to execute the instruction

4
Components of CPU

• Control Unit

• ALU

• Registers

5
Components of CPU

• Control Unit
Control Unit fetches the instructions
from the main memory and
determines their type.

It generates control signals and


microoperations.

6
Components of CPU

• ALU
The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
performs operations like addition,
subtraction, Boolean AND, OR etc.
that are needed to carry out
instructions.

7
Components of CPU

• Registers
Registers are a very high speed
memory within the CPU that stores
temporary results, data for
computation and certain control
information.

8
Organization of CPU based on
functions it performs
• fetch an instruction

• decode it

• execute it

9
Instruction Implementation
• An instruction cycle (also called fetch-and-
execute cycle, fetch-decode-execute cycle, or
FDX) is the basic operation cycle of a computer
• It is the process by which a computer retrieves a
program instruction from its memory, determines
what actions the instruction requires, and carries
out those actions.
• This cycle is repeated continuously by the CPU,
from bootup to when the computer is shut down.

10
Instruction Implementation
1. Fetch the instruction
• The CPU presents, on the address bus, the
value stored in the Program Counter.

• This is the memory address of the next


instruction that is to be executed.

11
Instruction Implementation

2. Change Program Counter (PC)

3. Interpret instruction: Determine the type of


instruction fetched

12
Instruction Implementation

4. Decode Instruction: Instruction is decoded to


determine what action is required

* The instruction decoder interprets the instruction.

13
Instruction Implementation cont.
5. Fetch data:

* If the instruction has an indirect address,


the effective address is read from main
memory, and any required data is fetched
from main memory to be processed and
then placed into data registers.
If the instruction uses data, fetch it from
memory or I/O devices
14
Instruction Implementation cont.

6. Execute instruction:
The CU passes the decoded information as
a sequence of control signals to the
relevant function units of the CPU to
perform the actions required by the
instruction such as reading values from
registers, passing them to the ALU to
perform mathematical or logic functions on
them
15
Instruction Implementation cont.

• 7. Write data: The result generated by the


operation is stored in the main memory, or
sent to an output device.
• Based on the condition of any feedback
from the ALU, Program Counter may be
updated to a different address from which
the next instruction will be fetched.
16
Instruction Implementation cont.

• The cycle is then repeated.

17

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