Unit 3

Data
Unit 3: Data
 Binary Numbering System
 Data Representation
 Data storage and compression
 Encryption
Binary Numbering System
What is Denary?
 We use Denary ( Decimal) System with digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
 Denary system is base 10 system
For example the number 236

200 30 6 Different values

Why?
• Each digit have place value according to its position in the numerical system.
• In Denary system, the place value =10n
where n start from 0 at rightmost and is increased by 1 from right to left.

Eg. 4810

103 102 101 100

Place Value

1000 100 10 1

Number 4 8 1 0
4810 (4*1000) + (8*100)+ (1*10)
+
= (1*0)
Binary System
 Computer use Binary System
 Binary System is a base 2 system with only two digit (bit) 0 or 1.
 For Example : 1011
 In Binary, the place value = (2n) where n is increased from right to left

23 22 21 20
Place Value
8 4 2 1

Number 1 0 1 1
 Converting Binary to Denary
 Example1 : Find the equivalent denary number of 10101101
Place value 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

128 + 32 + 8+ 4+ 1=173
10101101=173
 Converting Binary to Denary
 Example1 : Find the equivalent denary number of 01101100
Place value 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

64 + 32 + 8+ 4=108
01101100=108
Converting Binary to Denary
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Denary number of 1100

8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0

8 + 4 = 12
1100 = 12
 Exercise
 What are the denary equivalents of the following binary numbers?
(a) 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
(b) 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
 Homework
Convert the following binary numbers into denary:
a. 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
b. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c. 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
d. 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
e. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f. 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
g. 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
h. 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
i. 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
j. 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 69
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1

69 = 64 + 4 + 1

69 = 01000101
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

213 128 + 64 + 16 + 4 + 1
=

213 = 11010101
Converting Decimal to Binary (Method 2)
For example : Find the equivalent Binary number of 69

2 69 R
2 34 1

2 17 0

2 8 1

2 4 0 Bottom to up
2 2 0

2 1 0
0 1

The denary number 69= 1000101 =01000101(8 bit binary

number)
Converting Decimal to Binary (Method 2)
For example : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213

2 213 R
2 106 1

2 53 0

2 26 1

2 13 0 Bottom to up
2 6 1

2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1

The denary number 213= 11010101

 Exercise
 Convert the following denary numbers into binary (using both
methods):
(a)4 1 (c) 193 (e) 255 (g) 107
(b) 74 (d) 127 (f) 97 (h) 232
 Usage of Binary Number
Number 15
0000111
Text A 1
0100000
1
Image/graphics 0100000
1110011
11
1000000
0101101 0
Voice 1100111 ….
10
1100000
0
….
 Computer used binary to represent data ( Number, text, graphics and voice) and
program instructions
Why?
Usage of Binary Number
 Binary is needed to represent data and instructions because of the way in which
computers work.
 The processor , which process all data and instruction, contains billions of
transistors which are connected together to form circuit
 The transistor act as switch and have only two states: on or off , these states
are represented by binary number ( 1 and 0 )
Example
 If the download speed for internet is 32 megabit per second, how long
would it take to download a 40 MB file (in second)?

32 megabit= 4MB
4MB = 1 sec

40MB = 10 sec
Usage of Binary number
 Register
 Is a group of bit
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
 Can store data, instruction and address.
 When computers (or microprocessors) are used to control devices
(such as robots), registers are used as part of the control system.
Hexadecimal System (Hexa)
 It is difficult for humans to remember and manipulate 8-bit or 32-bit binary
number
 Thus, Hexadecimal is used to represent binary number.
 Computer never use hexadecimal number.
 Hexadecimal is a base 16 system with digits
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A(=10), B (=11), C (=12), D (=13), E
(=14),
F (=15)
 In Hexadecimal, the place value is power of 16 (16n) in which the
power(n) is increased from right to left
 For Example : 1A9
Place 162 161 160
Value 256 16 1

Number 1 A 9
Hexadecimal
 It is fast and simple to convert between hexadecimal numbers and
binary.
 How many number of bits are used to represent hexa digit.
F=15=?
8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1

F=15=1111
 Binary used 4 bit to represent hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal can be used to represent large binary number is just a
few digit which makes it easier to read, write and understand.
Hexadecimal
HEXA Denar Binary HEXA Denar Binary
y y
0 0 0000 A 10 1010

1 1 8
0402
011 B 11 1011

2 2 0010 C 12 1100

3 3 8
0402
111 D 13 8
1412
01

4 4 0100 E 14 1110

5 5 0101 F 15 1111

6 6 0110

7 7 0111

8 8 1000

9 9 1010
Converting binary to Hexadecimal
 For Example 1:
 101111100001
 Split this into 4 bit group

1011 1110 0001

842 842 842

1
101 1
111 1
000
1 0 1
11 14 1

B E 1

I01I11100001=
BE1
Converting binary to Hexadecimal
 For Example 2: 10000111111101

10 0001 1111 1101

10 000 111 110

842 1
842 1842 1
842
1
001 1
000 1
111 1
110
0 1 1 1
2 1 F D

100 0 0 I 111111 0 l= 21FD

Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
 For Example 1:
 45A
4 5 A
842 842 842
1
010 1
010 1
101
0 1 0
45A=01000101101
0
Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
 For Example 1:
 2BF
2 B F
842 842 842
1
001 1
101 1
111
0 1 1
2BF=00101011111
1
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
 For Example : 45A
162 161 160
4 5 A

(4 * + (5 * 16=80 ) +(10* 1=10) = 1114

256=1024)
45A= 1114
 multiply each digit by its place
value
 Add the totals together
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
 For Example : 2BF
162 161 160
2 B F

(2* 256=512) + (11 * +(15* 1=15) = 703

16=176 )
2BF= 703
 multiply each digit by its place
value
 Add the totals together
Exercise
1. Find the hexadecimal number of 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
2. Find the binary number of B F 0
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

For example : Convert denary number 162 to Hexa decimal

16 162 R Hex
2 a
16 10 2
Bottom to up
0 10 A

The denary number 162 = A2  Successive division by 16

 The remainders are read from

BOTTOM to TOP to give the
hexadecimal value.
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
For example : Convert denary number 2004 to Hexa decimal

16 2004 R Hex
4 a
16 125 4

16 7 13 D Bottom to up
0 7 7

The denary number 2004= 7D4

Usage of Hexadecimal
 Computer do not actually process hexadecimal, they convert it into binary before
processing
 Programmers work with hexadecimal as it is easier to read than binary.
 Hexadecimal is a much shorter way of representing binary data.
Usage of HexaDecimal
 Memory Dump
 is the process in which contents of a memory are displayed and stored if
application or system crashes.
 Memory dump helps software developers and system administrators to
diagnose, identify and resolve the problem that led to application or system
failure.
00990F60 54 68 69 73 …………..
 Color code in HTML
 Used in HTML
 Three primary colors (red, green, blue) is determined by its hexadecimal
 Red : FF 00 00 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000
 Green: 00 FF 00
 Blue: 00 00 FF
Eg. <body bgcolor=FF0000>
Usage of HexaDecimal
 ASCII CODE
 Can be represented using hexadecimal values or decimal values.
Eg A = 65(decimal) = 41(hexa)
 Assembly code and machine code
 Using hexadecimal makes it much easier, faster and less error prone
to write code compared to binary.
 A5E4 FFA4 (machine code using hexadecimal)
Usage of Hexadecimal
Media Access Control Address (MAC)
 Is a unique number which identifies a device on the internet .
 Is assigned by manufacture company.
 A MAC address is usually made up of 48 bits which are shown as six groups of
hexadecimal digits (although 64-bit addresses are also known):
 NN - NN - NN - DD - DD – DD or
 NN:NN:NN:DD:DD:DD
 where the first half (NN - NN - NN) is the identity number of the manufacturer of
the device
 the second half (DD- DD - DD) is the serial number of the device.
 eg 00 – 1C – B3 – 4F – 25 – FE
Use of the Hexadecimal Number
Internet Protocol (IP) address
 Each devices to a network is given an address known as the internet protocol (IP)
address.
 Eg. A8fb:7a88:0fff:3d21:2085:66fb:f0fa (IPv6)
Advantages of Hexa Decimal
 Easier to read, understand and remember
 Short way to represent binary
 Fewer errors made
 Easier to debug error.
Six binary or hexadecimal numbers and six denary conversions are given.
Draw a line to connect each binary or hexadecimal number to the correct denary
conversion.
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