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Networking Class 2

The document discusses data transmission media, categorizing them into guided and unguided types, and details the OSI model which facilitates communication between different systems. Guided media includes twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables, while unguided media includes microwaves and satellites. The OSI model consists of seven layers, each responsible for specific functions in network communication, from application to physical layers.

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11 views19 pages

Networking Class 2

The document discusses data transmission media, categorizing them into guided and unguided types, and details the OSI model which facilitates communication between different systems. Guided media includes twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables, while unguided media includes microwaves and satellites. The OSI model consists of seven layers, each responsible for specific functions in network communication, from application to physical layers.

Uploaded by

shumailahussain194
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATA TRANSMISSION & NETWORKING

GUIDED, UNGUIDED MEDIA & OSI MODEL

CLASS 2
CONTENT

• Transmission Media
• Guided Media
• Unguided Media
• OSI Model
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Transmission is the way in which Data transmitted from one place to
another.
• It provide a pathway which the message can travel from Sender to
receiver.
• Each of the message Can Be sent in the form of data by converting them
into binary digit
• there are two types of data transmission
• 1. Guided Media
• 2. Unguided Media
GUIDED MEDIA

• Guided transmission media consists of physical connection


between source and destination through a wire or a cable.
• There are three basic types of guided media which are as
follows −
• Twisted pair cable
• Co-axial cable
• Fiber-optic cable
TWISTED PAIR CABLE (10 MBPS TO 100 MBPS)

• twisted pair is the most commonly used physical transmission Medium. it


is used in local area network to connect computer and another devices.
twisted pair consist of a pair of copper wires. the Pair of wire is covered by
a plastic insulation and it is twisted together. twisting of wires protect them
from interference of external electromagnetic waves. There are two types
of twisted pair cable
1. UTP : unshielded twisted pair
2. STP : shield twisted pair
CO-AXIAL CABLE (05 MBPS TO 500MBPS)

• It is used for the video transmission for television or for long


distance telephone lines or LAN.Single solid copper wire core
that is covered by insulating material. Copper mesh is used to
cover the insulation copper wire from electromagnetic waves.
There are two types of coaxial cable
1. Thinnet
2. Thicknet
FIBER OPTIC CABLE

• In fiber optic cable the information is transmitted by


propagation of optical signals (light) through fiber optic cables
and not through the electrical/electromagnetic signals. Because
of this, the fiber optics communication supports longer
distances as there is no electrical interference.
• The fiber optic cables are made of very thin strands of glass
(silica). It supports high data rates.
UNGUIDED MEDIA

• In Unguided transmission media there is no physical connection


between source and destination, instead they use air itself. These
connections are not bound to a channel to follow.
• Unguided transmission media uses two basic types of primary
technologies which are as follows −
• Microwaves
• Satellite
MICROWAVE

• The magnetron generates micro wave radiation by bouncing


electrons around inside a vacuum filed cavity that is exposed to
a strong magnetic field. This magnetic field forces these
electrons to circle around inside the4 cavity, absorbing energy.
Eventually, this energy is released as microwave.
SATELLITE

• A Satellite is a machine that orbits a planet or star.


• The first artificial Satellite was sputnik 1 launched by the Soviet
Union on 4 October 1957 under the sputnik program.
• There are hundreds of satellites in operation, they are used for
diverse purposes such as weather forecasting , television signal
amateur radio and internet communications and the globle
positioning system.
OSI MODEL

• OSI model stand for “Open System Interconnection”. An open


system is a model that allows any two systems to communicate
even if their architecture are different.
• OSI model was developed by the “International Standard
Organization (ISO)” in 1974/1983/1984.
• OSI model consist on seven layers each layers perform specific
function in network communication.
LAYERS OF OSI MODEL

Sender Receiver

1. Application layer 1. Physical Layer

2. Presentation layer 2. Data Link Layer

3. Session layer 3. Network Layer

4. Transport layer 4. Transport layer

5. Network layer 5. Session Layer

6. Data link layer 6. Presentation Layer

7. Physical Layer 7. Application Layer


APPLICATION LAYER

• The application layer is the topmost layer of OSI model. It


enables the user to access the network. It provides the user
interface and support for services such as email, remote file
access, sharing etc.
PRESENTATION LAYER

• The presentation layer performs data reformatting, data


compression and encryption. The common protocols that
operate at the presentation layer include SMB, NCP & NFS.
SESSION LAYER

• The session layer establishes, manages and terminates the user


connection. A session is the exchange of messages between
computers. It synchronizes the user tasks. Synchronization
involves the use of checkpoint in the data stream. If failure
occurs only the data from the last checkpoint is retransmitted.
TRANSPORT LAYER

• The transport layer control the flow of data. It ensure the


messages are delivered error free. It divided the large message
into small packets for efficient transmission. The packets are
reassembled, checked for errors and acknowledge the receiving
side. The common protocols that operates at transport layer are
“TCP, UDP, SPX & NETBUEI”.
NETWORK LAYER

• The network layer manages the delivery of the data from source
to destination. Network layer it reminds the logical path
between the sender and receiver. There may be many networks
between computers. This layer manages to send data from the
source computer to destination computer. The common
protocols that operate at this level are “IP, IPX & X.25”.
DATA LINK LAYER

• Data link layer is responsible for converting data into stream of


signals bit by bit and to send that over the underlying hardware.
At the receiving end data link layer picks up data from hardware
which are in the form of electrical signals, assembles them and
hands over to upper layer.
PHYSICAL LAYER

• The physical layer defines the relationship between a device and a


transmission medium such as a copper or optical cable.

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