COMPUTER APPRECIATION

&
COMPUTER ORGANISATION

4+6
 COMPUTER INTRODUCTION
A computer is an electronic device,
operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory that can accept
data (input), process the data according to
specified rules, produce information
(output), and store the information for
future use1. Any kind
of computers consists of HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE.
 Types of Computer
We can categorize computer by two ways: data handling capabilities and size.
On the basis of data handling capabilities, the computer is of three types:

Analogue Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer
Analogue Computer
Analogue computers are designed to process the
analogue data. Analogue data is continuous data that
changes continuously and cannot have discrete values
such as speed, temperature, pressure and current.
The analogue computers measure the continuous
changes in physical quantity and generally render output
as a reading on a dial or scale.
Analogue computers directly accept the data from the
measuring device without first converting it into
numbers and codes.
Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples
of analogue computers.
Digital Computer
Digital computer is designed to
perform calculations and logical
operations at high speed. It accepts
the raw data as digits or numbers and
processes it with programs stored in
its memory to produce output. All
modern computers like laptops and
desktops that we use at home or
office are digital computers.
Hybrid Computer
Hybrid computer has features of both
analogue and digital computer. It is fast like
analogue computer and has memory and
accuracy like digital computers. It can process
both continuous and discrete data. So it is
widely used in specialized applications where
both analogue and digital data is processed.
For example, a processor is used in petrol
pumps that converts the measurements of
fuel flow into quantity and price.
 On the basis of size

the computer can be of fore types:

Micro computer
Mini computer
Main frame computer
Super computer
 Micro computer
Microcomputer is also known as personal
computer. It is a general purpose computer
that is designed for individual use. It has a
microprocessor as a central processing unit,
memory, storage area, input unit and
output unit. Laptops and desktop
computers are examples of
microcomputers.
 Mini computer

It is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It

consists of two or more processors and can
support 4 to 200 users at one time.
Miniframe computers are used in institutes
and departments for the tasks such as
billing, accounting and inventory
management
 Main frame computer

Mainframe computers are designed to support

hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
They can support multiple programs at the same
time. It means they can execute different
processes simultaneously. These features of
mainframe computers make them ideal for big
organizations like banking and telecom sectors,
which need to manage and process high volume
of data.
 Super computer

Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers.

They are designed to process huge amount of data. A
supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in a
second. It has thousands of interconnected processors.
Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and
engineering applications such as weather forecasting,
scientific simulations and nuclear energy research. First
supercomputer was developed by Roger Cray in 1976.
GENERATIONS
OF
COMPUTER
First generation (1940 - 1956)
 The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes
as a major piece of technology. Vacuum tubes were
widely used in computers from 1940 through 1956.
Vacuum tubes were larger components and resulted in
first generation computers being quite large in size,
taking up a lot of space in a room. Some of the first
generation computers took up an entire room.
The ENIAC is a great example of a first generation
computer. It consisted of nearly 20,000 vacuum tubes,
as well as 10,000 capacitors and 70,000 resistors. It
weighed over 30 tons and took up a lot of space,
requiring a large room to house it. Other examples of
first generation computers include the EDSAC, IBM 701,
and Manchester Mark 1.
Second generation (1956 - 1963)
The second generation of computers saw the use of
transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Transistors were
widely used in computers from 1956 to 1963. Transistors
were smaller than vacuum tubes and allowed computers
to be smaller in size, faster in speed, and cheaper to
build.
The first computer to use transistors was the TX-0 and
was introduced in 1956. Other computers that used
transistors include the IBM 7070, Philco Transac S-1000,
and RCA 501.
Third generation (1964 - 1971)
The third generation of computers introduced the use
of IC (integrated circuits) in computers. Using IC's in
computers helped reduce the size of computers even
more compared to second-generation computers, as
well as make them faster.
Nearly all computers since the mid to late 1960s have
utilized IC's. While the third generation is considered
by many people to have spanned from 1964 to 1971,
IC's are still used in computers today. Over 45 years
later, today's computers have deep roots going back to
the third generation.
Fourth generation (1972 - 2010)
The fourth generation of computers took advantage
of the invention of the microprocessor, more
commonly known as a CPU. Microprocessors, along
with integrated circuits, helped make it possible for
computers to fit easily on a desk and for the
introduction of the laptop.
Some of the earliest computers to use a
microprocessor include the Altair 8800, IBM 5100,
and Micral. Today's computers still use a
microprocessor, despite the fourth generation being
considered to have ended in 2010.
Fifth generation (2010 to present)
The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use
AI (artificial intelligence), an exciting technology that
has many potential applications around the world.
Leaps have been made in AI technology and
computers, but there is still much room for
improvement.
One of the more well-known examples of AI in
computers is IBM's Watson, which has been featured
on the TV show Jeopardy as a contestant. Other better-
known examples include Apple's Siri on the iPhone and
Microsoft's Cortana on Windows 8 and Windows 10
computers. The Google search engine also utilizes AI to
process user searches.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A
COMPUTER SYSTEM
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

8 * 8 8*8= ? =64
 INPUT DEVICE
In computing, an input device is a piece of
computer hardware equipment used to provide
data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a
computer or information appliance. Examples of
input devices include keyboards, mouse,
scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and
microphones.
 Mouse
Mouse is a input device, it is a pointing device
Buttons of mouse

RMB
(Right Mouse Button)

LMB
(Left Mouse Button)

Scroll Button
TYPES OF MOUSE
1. TRACK BALL MOUSE 2. PEN MOUSE 3. MECHANICAL MOUSE

2. Mechanical mouse
 KEY BOARD
A keyboard is a peripheral device that enables a user to input
text into a computer or any other electronic machinery. A
keyboard is an input device and is the most basic way for the
user to communicate with a computer
 SCANNER
A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic
prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for
computer editing and display. Scanners come in hand-held,
feed-in, and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white
only, or color
 Camera
A webcam is a small digital video camera directly or indirectly
connected to a computer or a computer network. Webcams come
with software that needs to be installed on the computer to help
users record video on or stream it from the Web
 Barcode scanner
A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an
optical scanner that can read printed barcodes,
decode the data contained in the barcode and
send the data to a computer
 OMR
Optical mark recognition (also called optical mark reading
and OMR) is the process of capturing human-marked data
from document forms such as surveys and tests. They are
used to read questionnaires, multiple choice examination
paper in the form of lines or shaded areas
 OCR
OCR (optical character recognition) is the use of
technology to distinguish printed or handwritten text
characters inside digital images of physical documents,
such as a scanned paper document. ... The process
of OCR is most commonly used to turn hard copy legal
or historic documents into PDFs
 MICR
MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) is a
technology used to verify the legitimacy or originality
of paper documents, especially checks. Special ink,
which is sensitive to magnetic fields, is used in the
printing of certain characters on the original
documents
 MIC / MICROPHONE
A microphone, colloquially named mic or mike , is a
device – a transducer – that converts sound into an
electrical signal.
 Light pen
A light pen is a computer input device in the form of
a light-sensitive wand used in conjunction with a
computer's cathode-ray tube (CRT) display. It allows the
user to point to displayed objects or draw on the screen in
a similar way to a touch screen but with greater positional
accuracy.
 Process
A processor, or "microprocessor," is a small chip
that resides in computers and other electronic
devices. Its basic job is to receive input and
provide the appropriate output
The CPU has three important subunits.

Arithmetic-Logic unit

Control Unit

Memory Unit
 Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is an electronic

circuit used to carry out the arithmetic operations
like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x)
(*), and division (/). This unit also carries out
logical operations like greater than (>), less than
(<), equal to (=), not equal to (!=), AND (&&), OR
(||), etc.
 Control Unit

The control unit manages and coordinates the

activities of all the other units in the processor. Its
main functions are to control the transfer of data
and information between various units (like ALU,
MU) and to initiate appropriate actions by the
arithmetic-logic unit
 Memory Unit

The main memory is also called primary memory, is used

to store data temporarily. Although the CPU is the brain
behind all the operations in the computer, it needs to be
supplied with the data to be
processed and the instructions to tell it what to do. Once
the CPU has carried out an instruction, it needs the result
to be stored. This storage space is provided by the
computer’s memory.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
An output device is any piece of
computer hardware equipment which
converts information into human-
readable form. It can be text, graphics,
tactile, audio, and video. Some of
the output devices are Visual Display
Units (VDU) i.e. a Monitor, Printer,
Graphic Output devices, Plotters,
Speakers etc
 MONITOR
The monitor is the piece of computer
hardware that displays the video and
graphics information generated by the
computer through the video
card. Monitors are very similar to
televisions but usually display information
at a much higher resolution.
 Different Types of Monitors

CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors.

.
LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors.
TFT Monitor.
LED (light-emitting diodes) Monitors.
DLP Monitor.
Touch screens Monitor.
Plasma Screen Monitor.
OLED Monitors
 PRINTER
A printer is an output device that prints
characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on
paper. The printed output is generally referred
to as hardcopy because it is in relatively
permanent form. Softcopy refers to temporary
images such as those displayed on a monitor.
TYPES OF PRINTER
1. Impact printers

2. Nonimpact Printers
 Impact printers
An impact printer has mechanisms resembling those of a typewriter. It forms characters
or images by striking a mechanism such as a print hammer or wheel against an inked
ribbon, leaving an image on paper.

TYPES OF IMPACT PRINTERS

Dot-Matrix Printers

Dot-matrix printers print about 40-300 characters per second (cps) and can print some
graphics, although the reproduction quality is poor. Color ribbons are available for
limited use of color. Dot-matrix printers are noisy, inexpensive, and they can print
through multipart forms, creating several copies of a page at the same time,
Daisy-Wheel Printer
A type of printer that produces letter-quality type.daisy-wheel is a serial printer A daisy-
wheel printer works on the same principle as a ball-head typewriter. The daisy wheel is
a disk made of plastic or metal on which characters stand out in relief along the outer
edge. To print a character, the printer rotates the disk until the desired letter is facing the
paper.
 Non-Impact printers
Non-Impact printers do not make a noise
because they do not use striking mechanism in
which print head strikes on ribbon and paper
etc..
TYPES OF NON-IMPACT PRINTERS

Laser Printer:
Like a dot-matrix printer, a laser printer creates images with dots. However,
as in a photocopying machine, these images are created on a drum, treated
with a magnetically charged ink-like toner (powder), and then transferred
from drum to paper.
 Ink-jet printer
Like laser and dot-matrix printers, ink-jet printers
also form images with little dots. Ink-jet printers
spray small, electrically charged droplets of
ink from four nozzles through holes in a matrix at
high speed onto paper.
 Plotter
A plotter is a printer that interprets commands from a
computer to make line drawings on paper with one or
more automated pens. Unlike a regular printer ,
the plotter can draw continuous point-to-point lines
directly from vector graphics files or commands. ... As a
rule, plotters are much more expensive than printers.
 Projector
A projector or image projector is an optical device
that projects an image (or moving images) onto a
surface, commonly a projection screen. ...
Video projectors are digital replacements for earlier
types of projectors such as slide projectors and
overhead projectors.
 Speaker
. A computer speaker is an output hardware
device that connects to a computer to
generate sound. The signal used to produce
the sound that comes from a
computer speaker is created by the
computer's sound card.
 STOREG DEVISES
A storage device is any computing
hardware that is used for storing, porting
and extracting data files and objects. It
can hold and store information both
temporarily and permanently, and can be
internal or external to a computer, server
or any similar computing device
TYPESF STORAGE DEVICE

1.PRIMARY

2.SECONDARY
PRIMARY STORAGE DEVISES
The computer fetches and keeps the data
and files it in the primary storage
device until the process is completed or data
is no longer required. Random
access memory (RAM), graphic
card memory and cache memory are
common examples of primary storage
devices.
 RAM
Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/) is a
form of computer memory that can be read
and changed in any order, typically used to
store working data and machine code.[1][2]
A random-access memory device allows
data items to be read or written in almost
the same amount of time irrespective of
the physical location of data inside the
memory
Static RAM (SRAM)

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)

Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDR

SDRAM)

Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR

SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4)

Graphics Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM

(GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5)
 ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of
storage medium that permanently stores
data on personal computers (PCs) and
other electronic devices. It contains the
programming needed to start a PC, which
is essential for boot-up; it performs major
input/output tasks and holds programs or
software instructions
 TYPES OF ROM
MROM (Masked ROM)
The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that
contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions.
These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs, which
are inexpensive.

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only
once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the
desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM
chip, there are small fuses which are burnt open during
programming. It can be programmed only once and is not
erasable.
EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a
duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves
this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped
in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than
10 years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this
charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window
(lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge.
During normal use, the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased
and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and
programming take about 4 to 10 ms (millisecond). In EEPROM, any
location can be selectively erased and programmed. EEPROMs can
be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip.
Hence, the process of reprogramming is flexible but slow.
SECONDRY STOREG DEVISES
1. HARD DISK DRIVE
2. SSD
3. FLOPPY
4. CD
5. DVD
6. PD
HARD DISK DRIVE
PATA HDD
(Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)
 SATA HDD
(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
SATA AND PATA
INTERNAL PARTS OF HDD
A hard disk drive is a
non-volatile memory hardware
device that permanently stores
and retrieves data on a computer.
A hard drive is a
secondary storage device that
consists of one or more platters to
which data is written using a
magnetic head, all inside of an air-
sealed casing.
 SSD
Solid-state drive
An SSD (solid-state drive) is a type of
nonvolatile storage media that stores
persistent data on solid-state flash
memory. The architectural
configuration of the SSD controller is
optimized to deliver high read and write
performance for both sequential and
random data requests. SSDs are
sometimes referred to as flash drives or
solid-state disks.
FLOPPY
A floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium for
computer systems. The floppy disk is composed
of a thin, flexible magnetic disk sealed in a
square plastic carrier. In order to read and write
data from a floppy disk, a computer system must
have a floppy disk drive (FDD)

Floppy disks, initially as 8-inch (203 mm) media[1] and

later in 5 1⁄4-inch (133 mm) and ​3 1⁄2 inch (90 mm) sizes

A 3.5-inch diskette was first created by IBM in 1984

with an initial capacity of 720 KB and later 1.44 MB
 CD
Compact disc
Compact disc (CD) is a digital
optical disc data storage format that
was co-developed by Philips and Sony
and released in 1982.
Standard CDs have a diameter of 120
millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to
about 80 minutes of uncompressed
audio or about 700 MiB of data.
 DVD
DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC
A standard, single-layer,
recordable DVD has 4.7 GB
of storage space–enough for
up to 2 hours (120 minutes)
of video at DVD quality.
 PD
Pen Drives
 Flash drives make storage and transfer of
data easier and more convenient for users,
but there’s more to them than that. Here
are other benefits of USB drives
MAGNATIC TAPE
Magnetic tape is a medium for
magnetic recording, made of a
thin, magnetizable coating on a
long, narrow strip of plastic film
Bit is the smallest memory size of computer

Bit 1 bit = one text

Nibble 4 bit = one nibble
Byte 8 bit /2 nibble = one byte
Kb ( kilo byte ) 1024 byte = 1 kb
Mb ( mega byte) 1024 kb = 1Mb
Gb ( giga byte ) 1024 mb = 1Gb
Tb ( terra byte ) 1024 gb = 1Tb
Pb ( pata byte ) 1024 tb = 1Pb
Eb ( exa byte ) 1024 Pb = 1Eb
Zb (zetta byte) 1024 Eb = 1Zb
Yb (yota byte) 1024 Zb = 1Yb
BB (bronto byte) 1024 Yb = 1Bb
Geop byte is the largest memory size of computer
 ASCII
Pronounced ask-ee, ASCII is the acronym for
the American Standard Code
for Information Interchange. It is a code for
representing 128 English characters as numbers,
with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127.
For example, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77.
Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text,
which makes it possible to transfer data from one
computer to another.
 EBCDIC
Extended binary coded decimal
interchange code (EBCDIC) is an 8-bit
binary code for numeric and
alphanumeric characters. It was
developed and used by IBM. It is a
coding representation in which symbols,
letters and numbers are presented in
binary language.
 UNICODE
Unicode provides a unique number for
every character, no matter what the
platform, no matter what the program,
no matter what the language.