What is kernel??

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Bourne Shell (sh): It’s the default UNIX shell. Most of the scripts to configure
OS is written using this shell. It was developed by Stephen Bourne.

C Shell (csh): It is called C shell because the syntax used here is similar to c
language. It adds many features compare to bourne shell. This shell is not widely
used now. It was developed by Bill Joy.

Shell (ksh): This shell is backward compatible with bourne shell & inherits many
features of C shell. This was developed by David Korn.

Bash Shell (bash): It stands for Bourne again Shell i.e. It is superset of bourne
shell. It was built by Stephen Bourne.

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 Finding shell?
How to find which shell we are working at?

There is a simple command to check which shell we are working

echo $SHELL
(or)

echo $

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 Filter Commands

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 CONCATENATING FILES:
UNIX provides a powerful utility to concatenate commands.
It is known as the catenate command, or cat for short.
It combines one or more files by appending them in the order they are listed in the
command. The input can come from the keyboard; the output goes to the monitor.

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 SHELL SCRIPT/PROGRAM

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 Practical examples where shell scripting
actively used:

•Monitoring your Linux system.

•Data backup and creating snapshots.

•Find out what processes are eating up your system resources.

•Find out available and free memory.

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 #!/bin/sh
#!/bin/sh

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 How to run the shell script..

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 Variable

Variable

User Defined
System Variable
Variable

Created and maintained by Operating System(Linux)

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 User defined variable

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 read: Making Scripts
Interactive

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example

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 How to read array

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 Variable
Shell script output
• $ chmod =x test.sh
• $ PICT IT

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Script Output
$ chmod u+x test.sh
$ ./test.sh

Rachna checked in 5days

Sonal checked in 2 days

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 Shell Parameter

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 Example

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 expr : Computation and String
Handling
The shell relies on external expr command for computing
features.

Functions of expr:
•Perform arithmetic operations on integers
•Manipulate strings

Computation
expr can perform four basic arithmetic operation as well as
modulus function

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 Examples
$x=3; y=5
$expr 3 + 5
$expr $x - $y
$expr 3 \* 5
$expr 3 / 5
$expr $y % $x
Command substitution:
z =`expr $x + $y`
Incrementing value of a
variable
x =`expr $x + 1`
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Small script which you can do…
1.Define variable num with value 10 and print it on screen.

1.Define variable name with value PICT and print it on

1.Print sum of two numbers, let's say 12 and 13 .

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 THE if CONDITIONAL
if command is if command is if command is
successful successful successful
then then then
execute command execute command execute command
else fi elif command is
execute command successful
fi then ….
else …..
fi

Form 1 Form 2 Form 3

if command is successful ; then

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 if...else…fi -Example
Try it as follows:
$ chmod 755 isnump_n

$ isnump_n 5
5 number is positive

$ isnump_n -45
-45 number is negative

$ isnump_n
./ispos_n : You must
give/supply one integers

$ isnump_n 0
0 number is negative
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 Mathematical operator..
Normal
Mathemat Arithmetic
ical al/
Operator Meaning Mathemat But in Shell
in Shell ical
Script Statement For test For [ expr ]
s statement statement
with if with if
command command
if test 5-
-eq is equal to 5 == 6 if [ 5 -eq 6 ]
eq 6
if test 5-
-ne is not equal to 5 != 6 if [ 5 -ne 6 ]
ne 6
if test 5 -lt
-lt is less than 5<6 if [ 5 -lt 6 ]
6
is less than or if test 5 -le
-le 5 <= 6 if [ 5 -le 6 ]
equal to 6
if test 5 -gt
-gt is greater than 5>6 if [ 5 -gt 6 ]
6
is greater than or if test 5-
-ge 5 >= 6 if [ 5 -ge 6 ]
equal to ge 6
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 for and while loop
• Output

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 For loop with unix commands

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 while loop

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# ` done

While loop
#!/bin/sh
a=0
while [ "$a" -lt 10 ]
do
b ="$a“
while [ "$b" -ge 0 ]
do
echo -n "$b " b=`expr $b
b=`expr $b - 1`
done
echo a=`expr $a + 1`
done

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-1
 Few example of while script..

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 Read file using while loop

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 Until loop

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 Case statement

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 Select …in comaand

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 Practice Assignments

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Reference books available in library

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