GRAMMATIC

AL
SIGNA
ENGLISH 8

LS
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE GRADE 8
STUDENTS ARE EXPECTED TO:
a. identify the different patterns of idea development (e.g., general and
particular, cause and effect, claim and counterclaim, problem and
solution) and the appropriate grammatical signals associated;

b. demonstrate proper use of grammatical signals by writing sentences

or paragraphs using the identified patterns of idea development; and

c. value the importance of using appropriate grammatical signals for

clear and effective communication in written contexts.
WHAT ARE GRAMMATICAL
SIGNALS?
• are writing devices that serve to maintain text
coherence
• they signal the relationship between new sentences
and the one before it
• are also the important writing devices in text
construction
• are the words that give the readers or the listeners a
signal of what will follow an idea.
IDEA
DEVELOPMENT
• is the manner or pattern by which a writer or speaker explains
his/her main idea about a topic in a paragraph or paragraphs.
• Patterns of organization show the relationships between
supporting details in paragraphs, essays, and chapters.
• The organization of the supporting details helps you understand
how an author thinks and helps you remember what you read.

GENERAL CLAIM AND PROBLEM

cAUse and
AND COUNTERCL AND
effect
PARTICULAR AIM SOLUTION
GENERAL AND PARTICULAR
• the method of explaining by starting with a broad (big idea) and
following it with specific (small) ideas in support to the main idea
(deductive method).
GENERAL AND
PARTICULAR
FOR EXAMPLE:
Education is essential for personal and societal growth. For
instance, access to quality education equips individuals with critical
thinking skills, such as analyzing complex problems and proposing
innovative solutions.
Generally, technological advancements have transformed how we
communicate and work. Moreover, innovations in artificial
intelligence have revolutionized industries such as healthcare,
where AI-powered diagnostic tools are improving accuracy and
efficiency.
CLAIM AND
COUNTERCLAIM
is a method of developing a paragraph or a
longer composition by stating (someone
else's) claim, by stating your (the writer's)
counterclaim and by following the
counterclaim with reasons or evidences to
support the said counterclaim.
CLAIM
• is a statement or declaration of belief,
stance, or opinion. It is an arguable idea
used to support or prove an argument.

• A claim tells what you think is true about a

topic based on your knowledge and your
research.
COUNTERCLAIM
• is just the opposite of a claim. It is an idea
that opposes or is against a claim.
• is a statement that provides data to
explain why and/ or how a claim is valid
• Counterclaims are also provable and
supportable by reasons and evidence.
Take note: Reasons and evidences are important in this because they
support and explain the validity of an argument.
CLAIM AND
COUNTERCL
AIM
FOR EXAMPLE
Claim: The work of Dr. Jane Doe, a leading nutritionist, claims that plant-
based diets can be nutritionally adequate and beneficial when properly
planned, reducing the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and
diabetes. Evidence shows that with appropriate supplementation,
deficiencies in nutrients such as vitamin B12 and iron can be effectively
managed.

Counterclaim: However, others argue that maintaining a nutritionally

balanced plant-based diet requires significant effort and knowledge, making
it impractical for many people. According to The Journal of Nutrition,
individuals on omnivorous diets often obtain essential nutrients more easily
through their regular food intake, without the need for additional
supplements or careful planning.
FOR EXAMPLE
Claim:
The study reveals that learning English as a second language can lead to
improved cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills, as bilingual
individuals often outperform monolingual speakers in tasks requiring
adaptability and creative thinking.

Counterclaim:
However, some argue that focusing on learning English might negatively
impact native language proficiency. According to The Journal of Cognitive
Development, students who devote excessive time to mastering English may
experience language attrition in their first language, highlighting the
challenge of maintaining a balance between the two.
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
the text presents a significant problem and
explains it in detail. Then, a possible solution is
suggested.

Answers the Questions:

"What is the problem?"
"What is a possible solution?"
PROBLEM AND
SOLUTION
FOR EXAMPLE:
The increasing difficulty students face in understanding
complex academic texts indicates a need for improved
literacy programs. This issue arises because many schools
lack resources to support advanced reading skills. To resolve
this problem, educators propose integrating targeted
reading comprehension strategies into the curriculum.
Implementing such plans would likely improve students’
ability to analyze and interpret challenging material,
ultimately helping them succeed academically.
FOR EXAMPLE:
The growing problem of environmental pollution has created a
significant challenge for urban planners. This dilemma is
largely caused by insufficient waste management systems
and overreliance on fossil fuels. To respond to this issue,
experts suggest implementing stricter regulations on
industrial emissions and promoting renewable energy sources.
If such measures are adopted, they could help remediate the
damage and improve air quality in urban areas.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Cause and effect describes or discusses an
event/action that is caused by another
event/action. There may be a single cause and
effect or several causes with several effects.

Answers the Questions:

"Why did this happen?"
"What were the results of a particular event?"
CAUSE
AND
EFFECT
FOR EXAMPLE:
Since excessive screen time causes eye strain and
fatigue, many people experience discomfort and
difficulty focusing. For this reason, doctors recommend
taking regular breaks from digital devices.
Consequently, individuals who follow this advice often
notice reduced symptoms and improved eye health.
Thus, simple changes in screen habits can lead to
better overall well-being.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Because of deforestation leads to habitat destruction,
numerous animal species are pushed to the brink of
extinction. This produces significant disruptions in
ecosystems and biodiversity. As a result, the balance of
natural processes, such as pollination and soil
regeneration, is negatively impacted. Therefore,
addressing deforestation is essential to preserving both
wildlife and ecological stability.
ACTIVITY 1:A
1. Due to rising global temperatures, polar ice caps
are melting at an alarming rate. This leads to higher
sea levels, which, in turn, threaten coastal cities with
increased flooding and erosion. Consequently,
millions of people are at risk of displacement, and
ecosystems are disrupted. Therefore, immediate
action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is
necessary to mitigate these effects.
ACTIVITY 1:A
2. Education reform advocates claim that integrating
technology into classrooms enhances student
engagement and learning outcomes. According to
recent studies, students using interactive tools
perform better in subjects like math and science. On
the other hand, critics argue that over-reliance on
technology can create distractions and hinder
traditional learning methods. Evidence shows that
excessive screen time may reduce students’
attention spans and critical thinking abilities.
ACTIVITY 1:A
3. A significant issue in education today is the lack of
resources in under-served schools, leading to
disparities in academic achievement. To address this
problem, policymakers could allocate additional
funding to these schools, provide teacher training
programs, and ensure access to modern educational
tools. These steps would help bridge the gap and
offer equal opportunities to all students.
ACTIVITY 1:A
4. Since access to quality education is limited in
many low-income communities, students in these
areas often lack essential skills for career
advancement. As a result, these individuals face
higher rates of unemployment and poverty,
perpetuating cycles of economic inequality.
ACTIVITY 1:A
5. Education plays a critical role in shaping
individuals and societies. For instance, access to
quality education improves literacy rates and equips
students with skills such as critical thinking and
problem-solving.