SCIENCE 9

CHAPTER 3

UNITY IN
DIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY OR
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Refers to the variety of life-forms
that thrive on Earth.
It also describes the differences
and relationship within the various
ecosystems including all living
things and their nonliving
environment.
It also refers to the number of
Biodiversity explored at three levels.
Ecosystem Species Genetic
biodiversity biodiversity biodiversity
refers to number of is the variation
community of species in the of genes that
plants, animals, living in an area exists within
and other living Species is a group of species.
things in a similar organisms
particular that are capable of
physical and breeding and
producing viable
chemical offspring under
environment. natural conditions.
 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
World Wide Fund of Nature (WWF)- It is the
web of life.

International Union For Conservation of

Nature (IUCN)- Biodiversity as the
foundation of life on Earth.

Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity:

each species no matter how small, has an
important role to play.
BASIC NEEDS AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS CULTURAL, SPIRITUAL, AND AESTHETIC

• The world’s population BENEFITS

• Nature has inspired artists for
depends on the thousand of years. Some people find
cultural or spiritual meanings from
environment for food, their environment, whereas other
simply find enjoyment in nature. Many
medicine, raw look at REHABILITATION
the beauty of nature for a
materials, and shelter. sense of
immense
tranquility,
Presentations relaxation,
are communication tools and
that can be demonstrations, lectures,
satisfaction.
speeches, reports, and more.
HEALTH BENEFITS EDUCATION/ INFORMATION
• Biodiversity can improve a person’s • Scientists use the nature environment
well-being. Many people find comfort in to gather data and conduct researches
CAPTIVE BREEDING
the presence of wildlife and healthy MASS the
that benefit EDUCATION
society. Monitoring the
habitats. A Presentations
rich biodiversity provides a
are communication tools naturalPresentations
environment allows scientists
are communication tools
that can be demonstrations, lectures, that can be demonstrations, lectures,
healthy environment and a better
speeches, reports, and more.
to observe the indicators of a healthy
speeches, reports, and more.
atmosphere, reducing health problems environment and understand the
associated with pollution. factors that affect it.
REGULATING AND SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM FLOOD CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF
• Ecosystem services are natural SOIL EROSION
processes that provide benefits such as • Rainforests are like sponges that
climate control, pollution attenuation , absorb rainwater and moisture.
air and water purification, flood control, They release the water slowly so
nutrient cycling, and soil formation.
• Trees help reduce the greenhouse affect
that rivers flow moderately and
REHABILITATION
absorbing the excess carbon dioxide in continue to do se even during
Presentations are communication tools
the air in a process called carbon periodsthat
ofcan
low rainfall.
be demonstrations, lectures,
sequestration. speeches, reports, and more.

AGRICULTURE, CROP POLLINATION, AND SOIL FERTILITY

• Biodiversity also benefits agriculture. It

improves
CAPTIVE BREEDING production and can serve as source
MASS EDUCATION
of natural insecticides,
Presentations are communication tools
that can be demonstrations, lectures,
Presentations are communication tools
that can be demonstrations, lectures,
• Many
speeches, flowering
reports, and more. plants rely on speeches,
animals for
reports, and more.

reproduction.
• Areas that are rich in biodiversity have fertile
 EXTINCTION
Is a state wherein the entire
population of a species no longer
exists. A species of animal or plant
is considered extinct of the last of
its kind has already died.

The abnormal large losses of life

within a specific period are
referred to as Mass Extinctions.
 Five Mass Extinction
Prehistoric times

Ordovician- Late Devonian Permian-

Silurian Extinction Extinction Triassic
 Occurred
 it happened about
Extinction
 About 251 Ma,
approximately 439  Worst Mass extinction
359 to 375 Ma
Ma  Caused: still on Earth
 3rd largest  Caused: impact of
unknown, but the comet/ asteroid or
extinction in the
suspected reason volcanic eruptions
Earth’s history
 Caused: dropping is the global  Species affected or lost:
cooling and wiping 53 % of Marine
and rising of sea families, 84% of marine
lowering of sea
levels caused by genera and around 70
levels due to
the formation and % of land species, 96 %
glacier formation
melting of glaciers.  Species affected or of all species.
 Species affected or  Descended from the 4%
lost: warm water that survived.
lost: marine
marine species; 79
 Five Mass Extinction
Prehistoric times

Ordovician- Late Devonian Permian-

Silurian Extinction Extinction Triassic
 Occurred
 it happened about
Extinction
 About 251 Ma,
approximately 439  Worst Mass extinction
359 to 375 Ma
Ma  Caused: still on Earth
 3rd largest  Caused: impact of
unknown, but the comet/ asteroid or
extinction in the
suspected reason volcanic eruptions
Earth’s history
 Caused: dropping is the global  Species affected or lost:
cooling and wiping 53 % of Marine
and rising of sea families, 84% of marine
lowering of sea
levels caused by genera and around 70
levels due to
the formation and % of land species, 96 %
glacier formation
melting of glaciers.  Species affected or of all species.
 Species affected or  Descended from the 4%
lost: warm water that survived.
lost: marine
marine species; 79
 Five Mass Extinction
Prehistoric times

Triasic- Jurrasic/ Cretaceous-Tertiary

End of Triassic Extinction Extinction
 It event took place around  Cretaceous- Paleogene
199 to 214 Ma  occurred around 65 Ma,
 Cause: massive lava flood  Cause: impact of an
coming from the Central asteroid that lead to
Atlantic Magmatic climate change and
province, leading to the volcanic eruptions.
breakup of Pangea and  Species affected or lost: 16
the opening of the % of marine families, 47%
Atlantic Ocean. of marine genera, and
 Species affected or lost: 76 18% of land vertebrae
% of all marine and families including
 Five Mass Extinction
Prehistoric times

Triasic- Jurrasic/ Cretaceous-Tertiary

End of Triassic Extinction Extinction
 It event took place around  Cretaceous- Paleogene
199 to 214 Ma  occurred around 65 Ma,
 Cause: massive lava flood  Cause: impact of an
coming from the central asteroid that lead to
Atlantic Magmatic climate change and
province, leading to the volcanic eruptions.
breakup of Pangea and  Species affected or lost: 16
the opening of the % of marine families, 47%
Atlantic Ocean. of marine genera, and
 Species affected or lost: 76 18% of land vertebrae
% of all marine and families including
  According to the IUCN, there are 134
425 assessed species as of 2021, with
The Sixth 37, 400 species threatened with
extinction.
Mass  Some scientist believe that the
Extinction extinction rate of species today is
faster than during the prehistoric
times.
 Experts predict that as much as 30 %
of all species may be lost within the
next 40 years.
  The WWF stated that “ The
The Sixth rapid loss of species we are
seeing today is estimated by
Mass experts to be between 1000
and 10000 times higher that
Extinction the natural extinction rate.
 Between 0.01 and 0.1 each
year
 2 million different species on
our planet  between 200 and
2000 extinctions occur every
year.
 100 million  between 10,000
 Anthony Barnosky
The Sixth reported that humans
Mass are now creating a
mass extinction
Extinction through the combination
of habitat
encroachment and
fragmentation,
hunting climate
Environmental Conservation Training | Feb. 2020
change, pollution,
 Natural The extinction that have
occurred throughout
causes of Earth’s history have all
extinction been caused by natural
events. These extinction
events are due to gradual
changes, resulting in
extinction that occurs at
slow rates.
Climate The alternate heating and cooling of
Earth proved to be difficult for many
change prehistoric organisms. Many species
were not able to adapt to the rapid
changes in climate and temperature and
In 1999, the death of the
last golden toad in Central to severe climatic conditions.
America marked the first
documentation species
¼ of Earth’s species to extinction by
extinction driven by year 2050.
climate change.
Global warming is changing weather
patterns all over the world, affecting
Changes in
Sea levels
or Currents

The rising and lowering of the sea level have a major

impact on marine life. The increased level of freshwater due
to the melting ice caps and the displacement of water due
to the shifting of the ocean floor are some of the changes
that can happen. Also, volcanic activity produces gas that
can change the chemical composition of water and make it
suitable for some living organisms.
 Asteroids / Cosmic Radiation
 Asteroids and comets that enter the Earth’s atmosphere
can cause massive destruction upon impact, which can
wipe out entire population of species.
 Professors Mikhail Medvedev and Adrian Melott
discovered that high rates of extinction in the past
coincide almost perfectly with the periodic movements of
the solar system outside the central plane of the Milky
Way.
 During these periods, which include some of the largest
mass extinctions known from the fossil record.
 Anthropogenic causes of extinction
Anthropogenic are those directly or indirectly caused
by humans.
auses of Extinction
HIPPCO to summarize the causes of
species extinction acc. to magnitude
and impact: Habitat destruction,
Invasive species, Pollution, human
Pollution, Climate change, and
Overexploitation.
 Habitat Destruction
 The major cause of species extinction.
 This is happening both on land and water and has already
resulted in almost 80 % extinction.
 Philippine Eagle ( Pithecophaga jefferyi)  the rarest
and the most powerful bird in the world. Its dwindling
population is primarily caused by habitat loss due to
deforestation.
 Deforestation and the conversion of grasslands
into industrial and urban zones are among main
causes of terrestrial habitat destruction.
Invasive Species
 Invasive species are organisms
that are not naturally from one
particular environment or
habitat.
 When a native species has no
defense mechanism against the
foreign predator.
 Golden apple snail known as
golden kuhol (Pomacea
canaliculata) which was
introduced in the Philippines
between 1982 and 1984 as a
 Pollution
 It is the introduction of harmful
chemicals and compounds
(pollutants) into the environment –
water, land, and air.
 Chemicals such as pesticides and
waste materials absorbed by land
and water have caused changes in
the metabolic functions of several
organisms, resulting in mutations,
reproductive anomalies, and
death.
 Global warming, which is a result
of air pollution, is also a major
 Diseases and Parasitism
 Sometimes, humans unintentionally introduce infectious
diseases and parasites into the ecosystem when they
transport plants and animals from one location to another.
 Flea- infected animal can spread its flea to its new
ecosystem and infest populations of native animals.
 Diseases and parasites weaken organisms and interfere
with their metabolic functions.
 Lead to other problems such as the inability to mate and
reproduce, find food and shelter, and protect themselves
from the natural elements, resulting in premature deaths
and diminished populations.
 Diseases and Parasitism
As of 2021, the IUCN classifies several species as critically
endangered:
 223 species of birds
 707 species of fishes
 332 species of reptiles
 663 species of amphibians
 1333 species of arthropods
 4674 species of plants
 31 species of fungi
 Overexploitation
Humans are unaware of the
quantity of resources they
consume, they get more than
what nature is capable of
replenishing.
Overfishing and overgrazing
is the most common forms of
Overexploitation
 Seatwork:
What actions could
you do to prevent
more species from
becoming extinct and
save the planet?
Chapter 4:

Material and
Energy Cycle in the
Ecosystem

Matter and energy are constantly moving around in cycles within the
ecosystem.
 Plants and the Sun’s Energy
 The sun is considered the ultimate
source of energy.
 Plants are producers, living things
that depends on plants for food are
consumer.
 Cellular respiration is a process that
breaks down food molecules to
produce energy. This life sustaining
gas is essentially by-product of
 Plants and the Sun’s Energy
 The sun is considered the ultimate
source of energy.
 Plants are producers, living things
that depends on plants for food are
consumer.
 Cellular respiration is a process that
breaks down food molecules to
produce energy. This life sustaining
gas is essentially by-product of
 Sunlight and Chlorophyll
 Leaves are green because they contain the green
pigment called chlorophyll.
 Chlorophyll is contained in the chloroplasts, special
structures that absorb sunlight.
 The red, orange, or yellow color is attributed to the
pigments called carotenoids.
 Red algae have phycoerythrin, brown algae have
fucoxanthin, and red vegetables possess lycopene.
Plants and the Sun’s Energy
 Photosynthesis can only take place in the
presence of a catalyst-chlorophyll.
 A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the
rate of a chemical reaction, but it is neither a
part of a reaction nor the end product.
 Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles
with folded inner membranes, enclosing a
space filled with a watery solution called
stroma.
 Another membrane system within the stroma
forms disklike sacs called thylakoids ( a
stack of thylakoids is called granum; plural:
grana)
 The Photosynthetic Process
 The photosynthetic reactions can be summed up into two
main stages: the stage that captures energy and the
stage that uses this energy to make glucose. The whole
process can be summarized by the equation below

𝑐h𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑝h𝑦𝑙𝑙
6 𝐶 0 2+ 6 𝐻 2 0 >𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂6 + 6 𝑂 2
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔h𝑡