Quantitative

Re s e a rc h
Methodology
 Essential Elements of the
Research Methodology
1. Research Design
2. Respondents of the Study
3. Instrument of the Study
4. Establishing and
Validating Reliability
5. Statistical Treatment
 Quantitative Research
Design
Experimental Designs Non-experimental Designs
True Experimental Design Action Studies
Pretest-posttest Control Design Comparative Studies
Posttest only control group Correlational Studies
Solomon Four Group
Developmental Studies
Quasi Experimental Designs Evaluation Studies
Non equivalent Meta-analysis Studies
Time series Methodological Studies
Needs Assessment Studies
Pre-experimental Design Secondary Analysis Studies
One-shot case study
One group pretest-posttest Survey Studies
 Types of Experimental Research
Design
1.True Experimental Research
Design

True experimental design is a statistical

approach to establishing a cause-and-eff ect
relationship between variables. This research
method is the most accurate forms which
provides substantial backing to support the
existence of relationships.
 True experimental design
T h e re a re t h re e e l e m e n t s i n t h i s s t u d y t h a t y o u n e e d t o f u l fi l l i n o rd e r t o
p e r f o rm t h i s t y p e o f re s e a rc h :

1. T h e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n t r o l g r o u p : T h e s a m p l e o f p a r t i c i p a n t s i s
s u b d i v i d e d i n t o 2 g ro u p s – o n e t h a t i s s u b j e c t e d t o t h e ex p e r i m e n t a n d
s o , u n d e rg o e s c h a n g e s a n d t h e o t h e r t h a t d o e s n o t .

2. T h e p r e s e n c e o f a n i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e : I n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s
t h a t i n fl u e n c e t h e w o r k i n g o f o t h e r v a r i a b l e s m u s t b e t h e re f o r t h e
re s e a rc h e r t o c o n t ro l a n d o b s e r v e c h a n g e s .

3. R a n d o m a s s i g n m e n t : Pa r t i c i p a n t s must be randomly distributed

w i t h i n t h e g ro u p s .
 Types of True experimental design
1. Pretest-posttest Controlled Group Design
It is a modifi cation of the post-test control group design
with an additional test carried out before the
implementation of the experimental methodology.

This two-way testing method can help in noticing

signifi cant changes brought in the research groups as a
result of the experimental intervention. There is no
guarantee that the results present the true picture as
post-testing can be aff ected due to the exposure of the
respondents to the pre-test.
 Types of True experimental design
2. Posttest Only controlled group Design
In this type of true experimental research, the control as well as
the experimental group that has been formed using random
allocation, are not tested before applying the experimental
methodology. This is so as to avoid aff ecting the quality of the
study.

The participants are always on the lookout to identify the

purpose and criteria for assessment. Pre-test conveys to them
the basis on which they are being judged which can allow them
to modify their end responses, compromising the quality of the
entire research process.
 Types of True experimental design
2. Posttest Only controlled group Design
However, this can hinder your ability to
establish a comparison between the pre-
experiment and post-experiment conditions
which weighs in on the changes that have
taken place over the course of the research.
 Types of True experimental design
3. Solomon four group control design
This type of true experimental design involves
the random distribution of sample members
into 4 groups. These groups consist of 2 control
groups that are not subjected to the
experiments and changes and 2 experimental
groups that the experimental methodology
applies to.
 Types of True experimental design
3. Solomon four group control design
Out of these 4 groups, one control and one
experimental group is used for pre-testing while all
four groups are subjected to post-tests.

This way researcher gets to establish pre-test post-

test contrast while there remains another set of
respondents that have not been exposed to pre-
tests and so, provide genuine post-test responses,
thus, accounting for testing eff ects.
 Types of True experimental design
3. Solomon four group control design
Out of these 4 groups, one control and one
experimental group is used for pre-testing while all
four groups are subjected to post-tests.

This way researcher gets to establish pre-test post-

test contrast while there remains another set of
respondents that have not been exposed to pre-
tests and so, provide genuine post-test responses,
thus, accounting for testing eff ects.
 Quasi-Experimental Design
1. Non-equivalent Controlled Group Design
A nonequivalent groups design is a between-
subjects design in which participants have not been
randomly assigned to conditions.

This design is similar to the pretest-posttest control

group design except that there is no random
assignment of subjects to the experimental or
control groups.
 Quasi-Experimental Design
2. Time Series Design
The researcher periodically observes or measures
the subjects. It involves taking a set of
measurements at intervals over a period of time
both before and after an intervention of interest in
two or more nonequivalent groups.
01 02 03 X 04 05 06

01 02 03 – stand for the prestest

04 05 06 – stand for the posttest
 Descriptive Research Design
Descriptive research aims to accurately and
systematically describe a population, situation or
phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and
how questions, but not why questions.

A descriptive research design can use a wide variety

of research methods to investigate one or more
variables. Unlike in experimental research, the
researcher does not control or manipulate any of
the variables, but only observes and measures
them.
 Descriptive Research Design
1. Descriptive Normative Survey
Descriptive normative survey is a research method
that focuses on gathering information about
prevailing conditions or situations for the purpose of
description and interpretation. It involves analyzing
and interpreting data to identify trends and
relationships. The method employs the scientifi c
method by critically analyzing and examining source
materials, and arriving at generalizations and
predictions
 Descriptive Research Design
1. Descriptive Normative Survey
The descriptive-normative survey approach
attempts to establish norms or standards based
on a wide class of survey data. The survey data
may be demographic data or they may include
also data on average perception of a set of
respondents.
 Descriptive Research Design
2. Correlational Research Studies
A correlational research design investigates
relationships between variables without the
researcher controlling or manipulating any of
them.

A correlation refl ects the strength and/or

direction of the relationship between two (or
more) variables. The direction of a correlation
can be either positive or negative.
 Descriptive Research Design
3. Descriptive Evaluative Studies
The purpose of the descriptive evaluative study
is to judge the “goodness of a criterion
measure”. Longitudinal studies establish the
changes in that criterion measure over a long
period of time.
 Descriptive Research Design
4. Assessment/Evaluation Studies
Assessment evaluation studies attempt
to determine the eff ectiveness or
effi ciency of certain practices or policies
when applied to a group of respondents.
 Descriptive Research Design
5. Descriptive Comparative Studies
Descriptive comparative studies
endeavor to establish signifi cant
diff erences between two or more groups
of subjects on the basis of a criterion
measure. No attempts to control the
eff ects of extraneous factors are made.
Thank You