Loop Structure

Paul Kim
So far
• We’ve learned…
• Assignment Statement
• Output Statement
• Input Statement
• File I/O
• Data Types
• Using the knowledges, able to write python
program
• But…
Flow Control
• Statements are always executed sequentially

Python Code
Flow Control
• To have sophisticated program, we need to control
(change) flow of execution

Jump Repeat
Flow Control
• Jump: Decision Structure
• Repeat: Loop Structure

• Will talk about loop structure in this slide

Loop Structure
• Used to repeat some block of code

Repeat
 Goomba setting example
(with List)
Stage1.py
f=open(“Setting.txt”, “r”)
strLine = f.readline()
goomNames = [] • Repeated code blocks
goomAges = []
#Goomba 1
strLine = f.readline()
gList = strLine.split() • Of course, you can
goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1])) manually type the
#Goomba 2 repeated ones
strLine = f.readline()
gList = strLine.split() • Loop structure gives
goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1])) you simpler code
#Goomba 3
strLine = f.readline()
gList = strLine.split()
goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1]))

f.close()
Loop Structure
• For Loop Statement
• While Loop Statement
• Nested Loop
 For Loop
• Basic Syntax

• for <variable> in <sequence>:

<code block>
colon
indentation

• <sequence>  list, string, dictionary,…

 For Loop
• Example
Output Window

for i in [0, 1, 2, 3]: 0

print(i) 1
2
3

• Think it as i is iterating over [0,1,2,3]

 For Loop
• Example

i = 0
for i in [0, 1, 2, 3]: print(i)
print(i) i = 1
print(i)
i = 2
print(i)
i = 3
print(i)

• Think it as i is iterating over [0,1,2,3]

 For Loop
• Inside for loop, indentation is required
Output Window

for i in [0, 1, 2, 3]: 1

x = i + 1 2
print(x) 3
4

indentation
 For Loop
• Of course, you can use list with various types
Output Window

for i in [“Hey”, 1, “Aha”]: Hey

print(i) 1
Aha
 For Loop
• Inside for loop, indentation is required
Output Window

for i in [0, 1, 2, 3]: 1

x = i + 1 2
print(x) 3
print(“Hello”) 4
Hello
Inside for loop
Outside for loop
For Loop
• Exercise
• Write a program that performs summation 1+2+3+
…+9

X = 1+2+3+…+9
print(X)
For Loop
• Exercise
• Write a program that performs summation 1+2+3+
…+9
X = 0
X = X + 1
X = X + 2
X = X + 3
...

X = X + 9
print(X)
For Loop
• Exercise
• Write a program that performs summation 1+2+3+
…+9
X = 0
For i in [1,2,3,…,9]:
X = X + i
print(X)
For Loop
• Exercise
• What if we want 1+2+3+…+99?
• Need to write long list
X = 0
For i in [1,2,3,…,9,…,99]:
X = X + i
print(X)
For Loop
• Exercise
• What if we want 1+2+3+…+99?
• Instead use range() function
X = 0
For i in range(100):
X = X + i
print(X)
range()
• Returns sequence of numbers

• range(<stop>)
• Returns sequence of numbers from 0 to <stop> - 1

• Example: range(10)
• Returns sequence of numbers from 0 to 9 (not 10!)
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
range()
• Returns sequence of numbers

• range(<start>,<stop>)
• Returns sequence of numbers from <start> to <stop> - 1

• Example: range(2, 10)

• Returns sequence of numbers from 2 to 9
• 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
range()
• Returns sequence of numbers

• range(<start>,<stop>,<step>)
• Returns sequence of numbers from <start> to <stop> - 1
with <step> incrementations

• Example: range(2,10,2)
• Returns sequence of numbers from 2 to 9 with 2
incrementations
• 2, 4, 6, 8
For Loop
• Exercise
• Print Hello World 1000 times using range()

For i in range(1000):
print(“Hello World”)
 Goomba setting example
(with List)
f=open(“Setting.txt”, “r”) f=open(“Setting.txt”, “r”)
strLine = f.readline() strLine = f.readline()
goomNames = [] goomNames = []
goomAges = [] goomAges = []
#Goomba 1
strLine = f.readline() for i in range(3):
gList = strLine.split() strLine = f.readline()
goomNames.append(gList[0]) gList = strLine.split()
goomAges.append(int(gList[1])) goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1]))
#Goomba 2
strLine = f.readline() f.close()
gList = strLine.split()
goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1]))

#Goomba 3
strLine = f.readline()
gList = strLine.split()
goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1]))

f.close()
 Goomba setting example
(with List) If we have 1,000 goombas…
f=open(“Setting.txt”, “r”) f=open(“Setting.txt”, “r”)
strLine = f.readline() strLine = f.readline()
goomNames = [] goomNames = []
goomAges = [] goomAges = []
#Goomba 1
strLine = f.readline() for i in range(1000):
gList = strLine.split() strLine = f.readline()
goomNames.append(gList[0]) gList = strLine.split()
goomAges.append(int(gList[1])) goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1]))
#Goomba 2
strLine = f.readline() f.close()
gList = strLine.split()
goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1]))

#Goomba 3
strLine = f.readline()
gList = strLine.split()
goomNames.append(gList[0])
goomAges.append(int(gList[1]))

f.close()
Loop Structure
• For Loop Statement
• While Loop Statement
• Nested Loop
To use for loop
• Using for loop, you can implement repeated
process.
• To use for loop…
• Need to know the number of repetition (iteration)
• Example. Printing “Hello World” five times
for i in range(5):
print(“Hello World”)
To use for loop
• Using for loop, you can implement repeated
process.
• To use for loop…
• Need to know the sequence to iterate over
• Example. Iterating over the list [0, 1, 2, 3]
for i in [0,1,2,3]:
print(i)
While Loop
• Sometimes, you need to repeat process without
knowing details
• Assume that we add numbers from 0 sequentially
until the summed number is less than 100.
• Ex. 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ………
• What is the smallest number we can have after
passing 100?
While Loop
• What is the smallest number we can have after
passing 100?
• 0=0
• 0+1 = 1
• 0+1+2 = 3
• 0+1+2+3 = 6
....

• 0+1+2+3+4+…+13 = 91
• 0+1+2+3+4+…+13+14 = 105
• Hard to know the number of repetition in advance
• Hard to use for loop to find the answer
While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100
• If need to repeat process while something is
satisfied use While Loop Statement
 While Loop
• Basic Syntax

• while <condition>:
<code block>
colon
indentation
• <condition>  Boolean expression
(ex. 3<4, 18 != 82,…)
• <code block> repeats while <condition> is satisfied
 While Loop
• example
Output Window

i = 0 Hello World
while i<5: Hello World
print(“Hello World”) Hello World
i = i + 1 Hello World
print(“Done”) Hello World
Done
 While Loop
• example
Output Window
i=0
i = 0 Hello World
i=1
while i<5: Hello World
i=2
print(“Hello World”) Hello World
i=3
i = i + 1 Hello World
i=4
print(“Done”) Hello World
i=5
Done
While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100
•0=0
• 0+1 = 1
• 0+1+2 = 3
• 0+1+2+3 = 6
...

STOP!
• 0+1+2+3+4+5+ +14 = 105
• How do we represent the above process using
while loop?
Recall
• Recall the summation exercise of for-loop
• 1+2+3+4+5+ +9
X = 0
X = X + 1
X = X + 2
Will borrow this idea
X = X + 3 when writing program
...

with while loop

X = X + 9
print(X)
While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100
• 0+1+2+3+4+

X = 0
X = X + 0
X = X + 1
X = X + 2
X = X + 3
X = X + 4
...
While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100
• 0+1+2+3+4+

X = 0 X = 0
X = X + 0 while X<=100:
X = X + 1 X = X + ?
X = X + 2
X = X + 3
X = X + 4
...
While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100
• 0+1+2+3+4+

X = 0 X = 0
X = X + 0 while X<=100:
X = X + 1 X = X + ?
X = X + 2 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
X = X + 3
X = X + 4
...

Needs new variable Y which will be

incremented by 1 in each iteration
While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100
• 0+1+2+3+4+

X = 0 X = 0
X = X + 0 while X<=100:
X = X + 1 X = X + Y
X = X + 2 Y = Y + 1
X = X + 3
X = X + 4
...
While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100
• 0+1+2+3+4+

X = 0 X = 0
X = X + 0 while X<=100:
X = X + 1 X = X + Y
X = X + 2 Y = Y + 1
X = X + 3 ERROR

X = X + 4
...

Will give error because Y is not defined

While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100
• 0+1+2+3+4+

X = 0 X = 0
X = X + 0 Y = 0
X = X + 1 while X<=100:
X = X + 2 X = X + Y
X = X + 3 Y = Y + 1
X = X + 4
...
While Loop
• One solution: simply repeat adding numbers until it
passes 100

X = 0
Y = 0
while X<=100:
X = X + Y
Y = Y + 1
print(X)

• We will have 105 as the result!

While Loop
• Risk of having infinite loop
i = 1
while i > 0:
i = i +
1
• i will always satisfy i > 0  loop does not stop

• Be careful when setting condition of while loop

While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokémon battle program

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r11EmY6cKQE
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Assumptions
• Simple action: Only Pikachu attacks its enemy
• The enemy has 100 as a full energy (HP)
• Pikachu’s attack damage is random

• Implement a program where Pikachu repeatedly

attacks an enemy until it has empty energy
 While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program

15

HP: 100

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/16325617382513296/ https://seeklogo.com/vector-logo/298927/psyduck
 While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program

35

HP: 85

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/16325617382513296/ https://seeklogo.com/vector-logo/298927/psyduck
 While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program

HP: 50

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/16325617382513296/ https://seeklogo.com/vector-logo/298927/psyduck
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Assume that we have pikachuAttack() function
• pikachuAttack(): returns random attack damage
enemyEnergy = 100

HP: 100
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Assume that we have pikachuAttack() function
• pikachuAttack(): returns random attack damage
enemyEnergy = 100 15

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()

HP: 100
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Assume that we have pikachuAttack() function
• pikachuAttack(): returns random attack damage
enemyEnergy = 100

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage

HP: 85 = 100 - 15
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Assume that we have pikachuAttack() function
• pikachuAttack(): returns random attack damage
enemyEnergy = 100 35

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()

HP: 85
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Assume that we have pikachuAttack() function
• pikachuAttack(): returns random attack damage
enemyEnergy = 100

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage

HP: 50 = 85 - 35
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Assume that we have pikachuAttack() function
• pikachuAttack(): returns random attack damage
enemyEnergy = 100

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage
...

Repeats until enemyEnergy is less than or equal to 0 HP: 50

 While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Assume that we have pikachuAttack() function
• pikachuAttack(): returns random attack damage
enemyEnergy = 100 enemyEnergy = 100

attkDamage = pikachuAttack() while enemyEnergy > 0:

enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamag
attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage
...
pikachuAttack()
• Generate random number as damage amount after
each call of pikachuAttack()
• Example. 3, 45, 14, 2, 367…

• How to generate random numbers in

Python?
• Use random module
• https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/random/
how-to-use-the-random-module-in-python
Random Module
• Module that includes random number generator
functions
Output Window

import random 19
25
for i in range(5): 29
randomInt = random.randint(0, 30) 1
print(randomInt) 17
Random Module
• randint(a, b): returns random number N such as
Output Window

import random 19
25
for i in range(5): 29
randomInt = random.randint(0, 30) 1
print(randomInt) 17
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program

enemyEnergy = 100

while enemyEnergy > 0:

attkDamage = pikachuAttack()
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program

import random

enemyEnergy = 100

while enemyEnergy > 0:

attkDamage = random.randint(0,30)
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy - attkDamage
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• Let’s print information about this battle

import random

enemyEnergy = 100

while enemyEnergy > 0:

attkDamage = random.randint(0,30)
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy – attkDamage
print(“Pikachu’s attack damage: ”,attkDamage,
“Enemy’s remaining energy: ”,enemyEnergy)
 Output Window

Pikachu's attack damage: 23 Enemy's remaining energy: 77

Pikachu's attack damage: 17 Enemy's remaining energy: 60
Pikachu's attack damage: 26 Enemy's remaining energy: 34
Pikachu's attack damage: 24 Enemy's remaining energy: 10
Pikachu's attack damage: 5 Enemy's remaining energy: 5
Pikachu's attack damage: 18 Enemy's remaining energy: -13
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• What if we want to know how many times Pikachu
attacked its enemy?
import random

enemyEnergy = 100

while enemyEnergy > 0:

attkDamage = random.randint(0,30)
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy – attkDamage
print(“Pikachu’s attack damage: ”,attkDamage,
“Enemy’s remaining energy: ”,enemyEnergy)
While Loop
• Exercise. Simple Pokemon battle program
• What if we want to know how many times Pikachu
attacked its enemy?
import random

enemyEnergy = 100
attkCount = 0

while enemyEnergy > 0:

attkDamage = random.randint(0,30)
enemyEnergy = enemyEnergy – attkDamage
attkCount = attkCount + 1

print(“Pikachu’s attack damage:

”,attkDamage,
“Enemy’s remaining energy:
 Output Window

Pikachu's attack damage: 23 Enemy's remaining energy: 77

Pikachu's attack damage: 17 Enemy's remaining energy: 60
Pikachu's attack damage: 26 Enemy's remaining energy: 34
Pikachu's attack damage: 24 Enemy's remaining energy: 10
Pikachu's attack damage: 5 Enemy's remaining energy: 5
Pikachu's attack damage: 18 Enemy's remaining energy: -13
Pikachu attacked 6 times.
Loop Structure
• For Loop Statement
• While Loop Statement
• Nested Loop
 Nested Loop
• So far, we’ve talked about single loop
• Loop structure with nested loop
 Inside a loop, there is another loop
Output Window
Paul & 1
for i in [“Paul”, “Kim”]:
Paul & 2
for j in [1, 2, 3]:
Paul & 3
Outer Loop print(i, “&”, j)
Inner Loop
Kim & 1
Kim & 2
Kim & 3
Nested Loop
• Multiple loops can be nested
for i in [“Paul”, “Kim”]:
for j in [1, 2, 3]:
for k in [“!”, “$”]:
print(i, “&”, j, “&”, k)

• While loop and for loop can be combined

i = 0
while i < 2:
for j in [1, 2, 3]:
print(i, “&”, j)
i = i + 1
For Loop Example with
String
• Iterating over String
• Reversing String
Iterating over string
• Since string is sequence of characters, we can
iterate over string using for loop

Hello!

H e l l o !
 Iterating over string
• Example
Output Window

testStr = “Hello!” H
for i in testStr: e
print(i) l
l
o
!
 Iterating over string
• Example (old-fashioned way)
Output Window

testStr = “Hello!” H
for i in range(6): e
eachChr = testStr[i] l
print(eachChr) l
o
!

• How to avoid typing length of string manually?

• Use len()
 Iterating over string
• Example (old-fashioned way)
Output Window

testStr = “Hello!” H
for i in range(len(testStr)): e
eachChr = testStr[i] l
print(eachChr) l
o
!
Iterating over string
• Exercise
• Let’s reverse string
• Hello  olleH
• PaulKim  miKlauP
Reversing String

origStr revStr origStr = “Hello!”

H e l l o ! Empty String revStr = “”

H e l l o ! H revStr = origStr[0]+revStr

H e l l o ! e H revStr = origStr[1]+revStr
Reversing
origStr
String
revStr

H e l l o ! l e H revStr = origStr[2]+revStr

H e l l o ! l l e H revStr = origStr[3]+revStr

H e l l o ! o l l e H revStr = origStr[4]+revStr

H e l l o ! ! o l l e H revStr = origStr[5]+revStr
 Reversing String
origStr = “Hello!” origStr = “Hello!”
revStr = “” revStr = “” len(origStr)

revStr = origStr[0]+revStr for i in range(6):

revStr = origStr[i]+revStr
revStr = origStr[1]+revStr
print(revStr)
revStr = origStr[2]+revStr

revStr = origStr[3]+revStr

revStr = origStr[4]+revStr

revStr = origStr[5]+revStr

print(revStr)
Reversing String
• Or… just directly iterate over origStr to use
each character
origStr = “Hello!”
revStr = “”

for i in origStr:
revStr = i + revStr

print(revStr)