Chapter 2: AC Circuits

Magnetically coupled circuits

Magnetically coupled circuits

BASES OF ELECTROTECHNICS I.
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology
Specialization: IETTI
Academic year: 2022-2023
 1. INTRODUCTION

When two coils with or without contacts between them affect each other
through the magnetic field generated by one of them, they are said to be
magnetically coupled.

Inductive coupling is widely used

throughout electrical technology;
examples include:
Electric motors and generators
Inductive charging products
Induction cookers and induction
heating systems
Induction loop communication systems
Metal detectors
Radio-frequency identification
Transformers
Wireless power transfer

Working principle of inductive coupling in NFC

devices
NFC (Near Field Communication) works based on the principle
of inductive coupling, where loosely coupled inductive circuits
share power and data over a distance of a few centimeters. All
NFC devices operate at 13.56MHz. NFC devices share the basic
technology with proximity (13.56MHz) RFID (Radio-Frequency
Identification) tags and contactless smartcards, but have a number of key
additional features.
Source: [www.wireless.intgckts.com]
 2. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

When two coils are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic flux caused by current in one
coil links with the other coil and inducing voltage in the latter. This phenomenon is known as
mutual inductance.
- Consider a coil with N turns, when current i flows through the coil, a magnetic flux φ is produced around it.
According to Faraday’s law, the voltage v induced in the coil is proportional to the number of turns N and the time
rate of change of the magnetic flux Φ; that is,
2. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
2. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
 2. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

• Mutual inductance is always a positive quantity, the mutual

voltage M di/dt may be negative or positive, just like self-induced
voltage L di/dt.
 2. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Examples illustrating how to apply the dot convention:
 2. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Example 1:
 2. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Example 2:
 Chapter 2: AC Circuits

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

Content of this Subchapter:

1. The Ohm’s law in complex notation

2. Kirchhoff’s law
3. The superposition theorem
4. Thévenin - Norton equivalent network theorem
5. The equivalence theorem between a voltage source and a
current source
6. The reciprocity theorem
7. Mesh (or loop) analysis of linear networks
8. Node analysis of linear networks
 1. The Ohm’s law in complex notation
dik 1 L di j
ik dt   Lkj
dt Ck 
ek  u k Rk ik  Lkk 
j 1 dt
j k

In complex notation:
L
  1  L
Ek  U k I k  Rk  j  Lkk      jLkj I j Ek  U k Z kk I k   Z kj I j
  C k   jj 1k j 1
j k

 1 
Z kk Rk  j  Lkk   - the impedance if the branch k
 C k 
Z kj  jLkj - the mutual impedance between the branches k and j

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2.1 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

For any lumped electric circuit, for any nodes, and at any time, the
algebraic sum of all branch currents leaving the node is zero.

,ik 0 , I
kq
k 0  I k 0
kq kq

2.2 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

For any lumped electric circuit, for any of its loops, and at any time, the
algebraic sum of the branch voltages around the loop is zero.

U k 0 or Z
k p
k I k  Ek
k p
kp

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 E k  U k Z kk I k  j  (kex )

1
Z kk Rk  j ( Lkk  )
Ck 
 (kex )   Lkj i j  (kex )   Lkj I j
k j k j

E k  U k Z kk I k  j  Lkj I j
k j

 E k  (Z kk I k   Z kj I j ) where Z kj  j Lkj
k p k p k j

 E k  Z kk I k (if there is no magnetic coupling Lkj = 0)

k p k p

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3. THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
The superposition theorem: for a linear network, the zero-state response
caused by several independent sources is the sum of the zero-state response
due to each independent source acting alone.
L L
 Y km E m
I k or Ik   I km
m 1 m 1

According to the superposition theorem : I 3  I 3  I 3

For Examples with Superposition Theorem
see SEMINAR 4
4. THÉVENIN - NORTON EQUIVALENT NETWORK THEOREM

- Powerful tool,
- A very general theorem

A) The Thevenin theorem.

E U ABo
E U ABo Z i Z ABo I AB  I AB 
Z  Zi Z  Z ABo

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 U ABo
I AB 
Z  Z ABo

- UAB0 the open-circuit voltage of the network (the voltage across the terminals

A and B when the load is disconnected).

Z AB0
- is obtained from the network by setting all independent sources to zero
(i.e., by replacing every independent voltage source by a short circuit and
every independent current source by an open circuit), without the load

impedance Z.

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 For Examples with

Thevenin’s Theorem see SEMINAR 4

B) The Norton theorem.

I
Y i Y ABo I  I ABsc U AB 
Y Yi

I ABsc
U AB 
Y  Y ABo
 I ABsc
U AB 
Y  Y ABo

U ABo
I ABsc I AB Z 0  U ABo Y ABo
Z ABo

I ABsc
is the current delivered by the circuit when the terminals A
and B are short-circuited (Z = 0).

1
Y ABo 
Z ABo
 For Examples with

Norton’s Theorem see SEMINAR 4

C) The equivalence theorem between a voltage source and a current source.

E
I ABsc I AB U 0 
AB Zi

1 1
Y i Y ABo  
Z ABo Z i

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 5. THE RECIPROCITY THEOREM
The input and the output can be interchanged without altering the response of the
system to a given input waveform.

I 3 I 1

- In electric circuits, reciprocity applies to a subset of all linear time-invariant

networks.
6. MESH (OR LOOP) ANALYSIS OF LINEAR NETWORKS

- New network variables are used: the mesh currents (or loop currents)

The branch currents: I K   J P

J 1 , J 2 , , J q , , J B k( p )

 Z J  Z J    Z J E
 11 1 12 2 1B B 1
 Z J  Z J    Z J E
 21 1 22 2 2B B 2
 
Z J  Z J    Z J  E
 B1 1 B2 2 BB B B

The network has N nodes and L branches; consequently it has

B = L – N +1 meshes
a) Zpp is called the self impedance of mesh p; it can be calculated as follows :
Z pp   Z km   Z k   jLkm
k( p ) k( p ) k( p )
m( p ) m( p )
k m

Zpp is the sum of all the impedances of branches in mesh (p), plus the
algebraic sum of the mutual impedance between branches k and m,
both of them belonging to the mesh (p).

Remarks :
-ink
Zk
( p )
all terms are positive;

-because Lkm = Lmk, in the second term of Zpp, each mutual inductance has to be

taken twice (i.e., ±2jLkm). The sign depends on the association of the

mesh current JP to the marked terminals of the mutual inductance.

b) Zpq is called the mutual impedance between mesh p and mesh q; it can be
calculated as follows :
Z pq   Z km   Z k   jLkm
k( p ) k( p ) k( p )
m( q ) k( q ) m( q )
k m
Zpq is the sum of all impedances of the branches which are in common with
meshes (p) and (q) plus a sum of the mutual impedances between the branch
k(p) and the branch m(q)
Remarks :
- in the first sum of the right member of Zpq the impedance is positive if the mesh currents
Jp and Jq have the same direction through the common impedance of the (p) mesh and
(q) mesh, otherwise the sign is negative;
- in the second sum of the right member of Zpq the sign depends on the association of the
mesh currents Jp and Jq to the marked terminals of the two inductances situated in the
branch k(p) and branch m(q), respectively.
c) Ep is the algebraic sum of all the source voltages in mesh (p)
Ep   EK
K( p )
Example:
For Examples with MESH (OR LOOP) ANALYSIS
see SEMINAR 4
 7. NODE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR NETWORKS

- New network variables are used: the node voltages.

- Reference node (ground) : N – 1 independent nodes

Y 11U 1  Y 12V 2    Y 1N  1V N  1 I SC1

Y V  Y V    Y
 21 1 22 2 2 N  1V N  1 I SC 2


Y N  1,1V 1  Y N  1, 2V 2    Y N  1, N  1V N  1 I SCN  1

a)Yaa - the self-admittance of node a,

b)Yab - the mutual admittance between node a and node b,

c)Isca - the short-circuit current entering the node a.

Example: Kirchhoff’s theorems: 5 eqs.
Mesh currents: 3 eqs.
Node voltages: 2 eqs.
For Examples with NODE ANALYSIS
see SEMINAR 4
 References

[1] Charlews K. Alexander, Matthew N.O.Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric

Circuits (Fifth Edition), published by McGraw-Hill, 2013
[2] Radu V. Ciupa, Vasile Topa, The Theory of Electric Circuits, published
by Casa Cartii de Stiinta, 1998
[3] Dan. D Micu, Laura Darabant, Denisa Stet et al., Teoria circuitelor
electrice. Probleme, published by UTPress, 2016