Microcontrollers for IOT Prototyping

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Introduction

INTERNET
OF
THINGS

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 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnectivity of
physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items

The IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond traditional

devices like desktop and laptop computers, smartphones and
tablets

The ultimate goal of IoT is to offer advanced connectivity of

devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-
machine communications and covers a variety of protocols,
domains, and applications.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has fast grown to be a large part of 3

how human beings live, communicate and do business. All across

the world, web-enabled devices are turning our global rights into a
greater switched-on area to live in.
 Design Challenges in IoT
Interoperability
Security
Scalability
Reliability
Power Consumption
Privacy
Battery Life is a limitation
Increased cost and time to the market
Security of the system

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 Interoperability
Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems, devices, or components
to work together seamlessly and exchange data effectively.
In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), interoperability is a critical challenge,
as a large number of diverse devices are being connected to the internet. The lack
of standardization in the IoT can lead to difficulties in communication and data
exchange between devices, resulting in an fragmented and inefficient system.
To overcome this challenge, establishment of standards and protocols
interoperability between IoT devices.
Development of common communication protocols, data formats, and security
standards.
Interoperability is important for enabling the full potential of the IoT and allowing
connected devices to work together effectively and efficiently. Ensuring that
different IoT devices can work together seamlessly and exchange data effectively.

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 Security
Protection of sensitive data and systems from unauthorized access, theft, or
damage.
IoT devices are often vulnerable to cyber attacks due to their increased exposure
to the internet and their limited computing resources.
Some of the security challenges in IoT include:
Device security: Ensuring that IoT devices are protected from malware and
unauthorized access.
Network security: Protecting the communication between IoT devices and the
network from cyber attacks.
Data security: Securing the data collected and transmitted by IoT devices from
unauthorized access or tampering.
Privacy: Protecting the privacy of individuals whose personal information is
collected and transmitted by IoT devices.
To address these security challenges, organizations should implement robust
security measures such as encryption, firewalls, and regular software updates.
They should conduct regular security audits and assessments to identify and 6
address potential security risks. By prioritizing security, organizations
 Security Challenges in IoT
Lack of encryption
Insufficient testing and updating
The risk of default passwords
IoT malware and ransomeware
IoT Botnet and aiming at cryptocurrency
Inadequate device security
Lack of standerdisation
Network attacks
Unsecured data transmission
Privacy concerns
Software vulnerabilities
Insider Threats 7
 Power consumption
Power consumption refers to the amount of energy that a system or
device uses. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT)

Battery life: Ensuring that IoT devices have sufficient battery life to
operate without frequent recharging or replacement.

Energy efficiency: Making sure that IoT devices are designed to use
energy efficiently and reduce the overall power consumption of the
system.

Power management:
Effective power management techniques, such as sleep modes, to reduce
the power consumption of IoT devices when they are not in use reducing
costs and environmental impact. Minimizing the power consumption of
IoT devices to extend battery life and reduce costs.
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 Privacy
Privacy is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT), as IoT
devices collect, store, and transmit large amounts of personal and
sensitive information. Some of the privacy challenges in IoT
include:
Data collection: Ensuring that only the necessary data is collected
and that it is collected in a way that respects individuals’ privacy
rights.
Data storage: Ensuring that the data collected by IoT devices is
stored securely and that access to it is strictly controlled.
Data sharing: Controlling who has access to the data collected by
IoT devices and ensuring that it is not shared without proper
authorization.

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 Increased cost and time to market
 Embedded systems are lightly constrained by cost.
 The need originates to drive better approaches when
designing the IoT devices in order to handle the cost
modelling or cost optimally with digital electronic
components.
 Designers also need to solve the design time problem
and bring the embedded device at the right time to the
market.

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 Security of the system
Systems have to be designed and implemented to be robust and
reliable and have to be secure with cryptographic algorithms and
security procedures.
It involves different approaches to secure all the components of
embedded systems from prototype to deployment.
Designers and engineers must carefully balance these design
challenges to create IoT systems that are functional, secure, and
scalable.

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 Deployment challenges in IoT
Connectivity –
Connected devices that provide useful front and information are
extremely valuable.
Poor connectivity becomes a challenge where IoT sensors are
required to monitor process data and supply information.
Cross platform capability –
IoT applications must be developed, keeping in mind the
technological changes of the future.
It is a challenge for IoT application developers to ensure that the
device and IoT platform drivers the best performance despite
heavy device rates and fixings.
Data collection and processing –
In IoT development, data plays an important role. Along with
security and privacy, development teams need to ensure that they 12

plan well for the way data is collected, stored or processed within
an environment.
 Deployment challenges in IoT
Lack of skill set –
The right talent will always get you past the major challenges and will be
an important IoT application development asset.
Integration: Ensuring that IoT devices and systems integrate seamlessly
with existing technology and infrastructure.
Network infrastructure: Building and maintaining the network
infrastructure needed to support the large number of connected IoT
devices.
Device management: Efficiently managing and maintaining the large
number of IoT devices in a deployment.
Data management: Managing and analyzing the large amounts of data
generated by IoT devices, and integrating it with existing data systems.
Security: Ensuring that the IoT deployment is secure from threats such as
cyber attacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access. 13

Cost: Balancing the cost of deploying and maintaining an IoT system with
the benefits it delivers.
 Sensor Selection
Choosing a sensor (for example, a temperature sensor) for an IOT
application may seem like a straightforward decision. However,
selecting the right sensor involves taking many factors into account:
 Cost
 Supplier: How trustworthy is this seller? (Look at reviews from
other buyers)
 Accuracy & Precision
 Availability: Some components can only be in large quantities.
 Measurement Range: What ranges will it work for?
 Power Consumption: Will it work with the power source I have?
 Sensor Selection
Example: Temperature Sensor

Texas Instruments LMT84LP Atmel AT30TSE754A‐S8M‐T Sparkfun DS18B20 Texas Instruments

LM35DZ
Cost: $0.91 Cost: $0.53 Cost: $9.95 Cost: $1.86
Accuracy: +/‐ 0.4°C Accuracy: +/‐ 2°C Accuracy: +/‐ 0.5°C Accuracy: +/‐ 1.5°C
Range: ‐50°C to 150°C Range: ‐55°C to 125°C Range: ‐55°C to 125°C Range: 0°C to 100°C
Voltage: 1.5V – 5.5V Voltage: 1.7V – 5.5V Voltage: 3.0V – 5.5V Voltage: 4V – 30V
Availability: >10 Availability: >4000 Availability: >5 Availability: >10

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 IoT Development boards
• IoT development boards enable makers to prototype their ideas. They
combine microcontrollers and processors with wireless chips and other components
in a pre‐ built, ready‐to‐program package.

• In the last few years exploded with the availability of a variety of boards.
Whatever the needs of your project or product, there's sure to be a board that
fits your exact requirements.

• New developers can find it difficult to select the right IoT prototyping board.

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 IoT Development boards ‐ Selection
• Cost

• Specifications: Memory, Processor, I/O capability, etc.

• Programming support/options

• Open design: active user community, timely enhancements, forums.

• Reliability of supplier.

• Compatibility with sensors and actuators

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1. Arduino Uno
• Arduino Uno remains the top favorite of absolute beginners
and experts.

• Considered to be one of the first microcontroller‐based

development boards, the Arduino Uno R3 is simple, yet a
very powerful prototyping environment.

• Arduino enjoys the best community participation

support. From sensors to actuators to libraries, it has a
and
thriving ecosystem.

• The board layout has become almost the gold standard for
microcontrollers. Almost every prototyping environment
tries to be compatible with the Arduino pin breakout.

• The open source IDE to develop programs is another reason

for its popularity. With a simple syntax based on ‘C’
language, the code is easy to learn.
(approx. $12)
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 Arduino hardware versions
As of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware had been commercially produced.

• Arduino Diecimila in Stoicheia

• Arduino Duemilanove (rev 2009b)
• Arduino UNO
• Arduino Leonardo
• Arduino Mega
• Arduino MEGA 2560 R3
• Arduino Nano
• Arduino Due (ARM Cortex‐M3 core)
• LilyPad Arduino (rev 2007)
• Arduino Yun
In 2017, Arduino Primo and Otto (specifically for IoT) will be launched – Primo is the first
IoT development board to feature all the traditional wireless standards, such as Wi‐Fi,
Bluetooth low‐energy, near‐field communications (NFC), and infrared.
2. Raspberry Pi
• The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card‐sized single‐
board computers developed in the UK.

• The new Raspberry Pi 3 includes built‐in WiFi and

Bluetooth making it the most compact
and standalone computer, with a 1.2 GHz 64‐
bit quad‐ core ARM Cortex‐A53 processor
and 1GB RAM.

• The HDMI port makes it further easy to hook up A/V

sources.
• With four USB ports and 40 GPIO pins, you can
connect many peripherals and accessories to the
(approx. $50) Pi. There are third party breakout boards to
connect
various Arduino shields to the Pi. 10
3. Intel Edison
• Intel Edison is a high‐performance, dual‐core CPU
with a single core micro‐controller that
can support complex data collection.

• Intel Atom™ 500MHz dual‐core x86, 1GB RAM,

Wi‐Fi 802.11n, Bluetooth 4.0

• Edison comes with two breakout boards – one

that’s compatible with Arduino and the
other
board designed to be a smaller in size for easy
(approx. $75)
prototyping.

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4. Udoo Neo
• Udoo Neo is a full‐blown computer that also has an
Arduino‐compatible microcontroller.

• It’s positioned as the combination of Raspberry Pi and

Arduino. The board has the same pinout as Arduino
Uno.

• Neo embeds two cores on the same processor – a

powerful 1GHz ARM Cortex‐A9, and an ARM Cortex‐
M4 I/O real‐time co‐processor.

• Wi‐Fi + Bluetooth 4.0 module.

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5. Particle Photon
• Photon is one of the smallest prototyping boards
available in the market. Powered by the STM32F205
120Mhz ARM Cortex M3 processor, Photon has 1MB
flash, 128KB RAM and a built‐in WIFI module.

• Once configured, the board is accessible from the

Internet, which makes it an ideal prototyping platform to
build connected applications.

• The board comes with five analog pins and eight digital
pins for connecting various sensors and actuators.

• Developers can also buy a variety of shields for

interfacing with relays, motors, and the broader Arduino
Uno ecosystem.
(approx. $30)
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6. ESP8266
• The ESP8266 is a low‐cost chip with a
microcontroller supplemented with capabilities for
2.4 GHz Wi‐Fi, 16 GPIO and 1 MB built‐in flash.

• This small module allows microcontrollers to connect

to a Wi‐Fi network and make simple TCP/IP
connections.

• ESP8266 offers a complete and self‐contained Wi‐Fi

networking solution, allowing it to either host the
application or to offload all Wi‐Fi networking
functions from another application processor.

As from $2 14
 Student Projects implemented at UoM
• Smart Power Monitor

 Monitors power consumption of appliances.

 Controls appliances remotely.

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 Student Projects implemented at UoM
• Smart Rainwater Harvesting System

 Domestic water distribution system

automatically shifts from utility to rainwater.
that
 Monitor status (water level in tank, flow rate,
volume) wirelessly
 Activate valves remotely

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