Patterns of Inheritance
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
COMPETENCY
• Predict the phenotypic expression of traits following simple patterns
of inheritance.
•Gene – Biological traits of organisms are and the factors that control the
inheritance of a character.
•Allele – An each pair of genes (e.g., the gene for flower color may have
a purple allele and a white allele) to determines a single trait.
•The gene for flower color has two alleles: purple (dominant) and white
(recessive).
Unlocking of Difficulties
• DOMINANT- It is an allele, a gene; or a trait that is expressed and
represented by a capital letter.
• RECESSIVE- It is a gene whose effects are masked in the presence of a
dominant gene and represented by a small letter.
• HOMOZYGOUS- It is an organism that has the same two copies of a gene.
Means that they have two identical alleles for a trait. (ex: PP and pp)
• Heterozygous- Having two different alleles for a trait.(ex: Pp)
• GENOTYPE- Which are alleles in an organism, are expressed in letters or
descriptive phrases.
• PHENOTYPE- It is the combination of their observable characteristics or
traits.
Gregor Johann Mendel
• Father of Genetics
• DEVELOPED THE 3 LAW OF INHERITANCE
• HE USED GARDEN PEAS FOR HIS INHERITANCE EXPERIMENT.
• In his experiments, he found out that each of these genes is made up
of 2 alleles (individual genes) which code for the phenotype or
physical appearance (e.g tall, short etc). The different combinations of
the alleles are known as genotypes and is expressed in letters such as
TT for homozygous tall, Tt for heterozygous tall and tt for short, which
is expressed in lower and upper case letters.
Punnett Square
• Reginald Punnett, an English geneticist.
• Devised an easier way to calculate the probability that a certain trail
will be inherited.
• It is to predict all possible gene combinations in a cross of parents,
whose genes are known.
LAW OF DOMINANCE
• The Law of Dominance is one of Gregor Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
It states that when two different forms (alleles) of a gene are present
in an organism, one will dominate over the other. The dominant allele
is the one that gets expressed, while the recessive allele is hidden
unless both alleles are recessive.
• For example:
• If a plant has one allele for tallness (T) and one for shortness (t), the
plant will be tall because T is dominant over t.
LAW OF SEGREGATION
• The Law of Segregation is one of Mendel’s laws of inheritance. It
states that each parent has two copies of a gene (alleles), but they
only pass one to their offspring.
LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
• States that different genes and their alleles are inherited
independently within sexually reproducing organism.
• Traits are inherited separately from each other.
• Example in Humans: A person’s eye color (brown or blue) is inherited
independently from their hair type (curly or straight). This is like how
flower color and seed shape in pea plants are inherited separately.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEA
PLANT
PUNNETT SQUARE
Helps to predict the overcome of a given cross. It determines the
possible combination of genes in a cross.
Ex: WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT IF A ROUND SEED
PEA PLANT IS CROSSED WITH A WRINKLED PEA
PLANT
• HERE’s how to solve it with the using of Punnett square.
• WE HAVEHERE THE GENOTYPE OF THE PARENTS, WE HAVE THE ROUND SEED
GENOTYPE AS DOMINAT R AND DOMINANT R.
• WRINKLE SEED GENOTYPE AS RECESSIVE r and recessive r.
• LET”S DO THE CROSS
• DOwN WARD
• THEN SIDE WARD
• THAT”S HOW TO CROSS , now let us determine the genotype of this Punnett
square-100 heterozygous. While its phenotype we have 100 dominat R and
recessive r. – it is 100 percent round seed. ( WE HAVE HERE THE DOMINANT
ALLELE that is express always)
• OFFSPRING OF THE PARENTAL PURE BREEDING PLANTS are called
(FIRST FILIAL GENERATION) F1 generation.
• When the plants from the F1 generation where crossed with each
other or self pollinated the offspring will be called F2 generation.
• When two pure-breeding plants are crossed, their offspring are called
the first filial (F1) generation. If the F1 plants are crossed or self-
pollinated, their offspring are called the second filial (F2) generation.
• Let’s take an example:
• In the F1 generation, the flower position genotype consists of one
dominant (A) and one recessive (a) allele (Aa).
• To determine the F2 generation, we use a Punnett square. We cross
two F1 plants, each with the genotype Aa.
• Punnett Square Results:
1.AA (Homozygous dominant) - 25%
2.Aa (Heterozygous) - 50%
3.aa (Homozygous recessive) - 25%
• Phenotype (Physical Traits):
• AA and Aa result in the actual flower position (dominant trait) → 75%
• aa results in the terminal flower position (recessive trait) → 25%
• This is how we predict the traits of the F2 generation using simple
Mendelian inheritance!
