Introduction to internet

of things(IoT)
• IoT stands for Internet of Things, which means accessing and
controlling daily usable equipment's and devices using Internet.
• What is an Internet of Things (IoT)
• Let's us look closely at our mobile device which contains GPS
Tracking, Mobile Gyroscope, Adaptive brightness, Voice
detection, Face detection etc.
• These components have their own individual features, but what
about if these all communicate with each other to provide a
better environment?
• For example, the phone brightness is adjusted based on my
GPS location or my direction.
• Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics,
software, and sensors to internet enabling to collect and
exchange data without human interaction called as the
Internet of Things (IoT).
• The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything
and everything in day to day life which is accessed or
connected through the internet.
• IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which
deals with artificial intelligence, sensor, networking, electronic,
cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete systems for the
product or services. The system created by IoT has greater
transparency, control, and performance.
• As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all
the data through which we connect all the things
around us.
• For example, a house, where we can connect our home
appliances such as air conditioner, light, etc. through
each other and all these things are managed at the
same platform.
• Since we have a platform, we can connect our car, track
its fuel meter, speed level, and also track the location of
the car.
• If there is a common platform where all these things can
connect to each other would be great because based on
my preference, I can set the room temperature.
• For example, if I love the room temperature to to be set
at 25 or 26-degree Celsius when I reach back home
from my office, then according to my car location, my
AC would start before 10 minutes I arrive at home. This
can be done through the Internet of Things (IoT).
• Definition:-
• IoT is network of interconnected computing
devices which are embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.
• How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?
• The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system
(architecture).
• However, the key concept of there working are similar.
• The entire working process of IoT starts with the device
themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic
appliances, which securely communicate with the IoT platform.
• The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple
devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with
applications to devices.
• Characteristics of IoT:
• Massively scalable and efficient
• IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming
future.
• Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they
should be automatically programmed to sleep.
• A device that is connected to another device right now may not be
connected in another instant of time.
• Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In
order to save bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be
powered off periodically when not in use. Otherwise, connections
might turn unreliable and thus prove to be inefficient.
Advantages of IoT

• Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the

way that how each device work we definitely increase the efficient
resource utilization as well as monitor natural resources.
• Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and
communicate with each other and do lot of task for us, then they
minimize the human effort.
• Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out
time. Time is the primary factor which can save through IoT platform.
• Enhance Data Collection:
• Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are
interconnected then we can make the system more secure and
efficient.
Disadvantages of IoT

• Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and

communicate over networks. The system offers little
control despite any security measures, and it can be
lead the various kinds of network attacks.
• Privacy: Even without the active participation on the
user, the IoT system provides substantial personal data
in maximum detail.
• Complexity: The designing, developing, and
maintaining and enabling the large technology to IoT
system is quite complicated.
Application Domains: IoT is currently found in
four different popular domains:
1)Manufacturing/Industrial business -
40.2%
2) Healthcare - 30.3%
3) Security - 7.7%
4) Retail - 8.3%
• Modern Applications:
1.Smart Grids and energy saving
2.Smart cities
3.Smart homes/Home automation
4.Healthcare
5.Earthquake detection
6.Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
7.Smartphone detection
8.Water flow monitoring
9.Traffic monitoring
10.Wearables
11.Smart door lock protection system
12.Robots and Drones
13.Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
14.Security
15.Biochip Transponders(For animals in farms)
16.Heart monitoring implants(Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)
IoT Architecture

• There is not such a unique or standard consensus on the

Internet of Things (IoT) architecture which is universally
defined. The IoT architecture differs from their functional area
and their solutions.
• Components of IoT Architecture
• Sensors/Devices
• Gateways and Networks
• Cloud/Management Service Layer
• Application Layer
• Sensors/Actuators:
• Sensors or Actuators are the devices that are able to
emit, accept and process data over the network.
• These sensors or actuators may be connected either
through wired or wireless.
• This contains GPS, Electrochemical, Gyroscope, RFID,
etc. Most of the sensors need connectivity through
sensors gateways.
• The connection of sensors or actuators can be through
a Local Area Network (LAN) or Personal Area Network.
• Gateways and Data Acquisition:
• As the large numbers of data are produced by this
sensors and actuators need the high-speed Gateways
and Networks to transfer the data.
• This network can be of type Local Area Network (LAN
such as WiFi, Ethernet, etc.), Wide Area Network (WAN
such as GSM, 5G, etc.).
• Edge IT:
• Edge in the IoT Architecture is the hardware and
software gateways that analyze and pre-process the
data before transferring it to the cloud.
• If the data read from the sensors and gateways are not
changed from its previous reading value then it does
not transfer over the cloud, this saves the data used.
• Data center/ Cloud:
• The Data Center or Cloud comes under the
Management Services which process the information
through analytics, management of device and security
controls.
• Beside this security controls and device management
the cloud transfer the data to the end users application
such as Retail, Healthcare, Emergency, Environment,
and Energy, etc.
 Various Domains in
IOT
Residential Energy

•
The Internet of Things plays a vital role in the field of
energy management and regulation.
• The term used for that is Smart Energy System.
• IoT applications monitor a wide variety of energy
control function to residential and commercial use.
• Residential Energy
• As technology is increasing day by day, it also raises the
cost of energy.
• Consumers search the way through which they can
reduce and control the energy cost.
• IoT provides a mature way to analyze and optimize the
use of the device as well as the entire system of a
home.
• It may be changing the device setting, simply switching
on/off or dimming lights to optimize energy use.
• Commercial Energy
• Wastage of energy widely impacts any business
enterprises in their cost of production.
• IoT provides a specific way for monitoring and
maintaining a low cost and high level of care.
• IoT system provides a strong means of managing the
consumption cost of energy and optimize the output of
enterprises.
• It discovers energy issues in the same way as
functional issues in a complex business network and
provides solutions.
IoT Biometrics Domain

• IoT plays a vital role in the Biometrics security system

such as a fingerprint system, voice recognition system,
eye scanner system etc
• Now, a biometric system is something that we always encounter in our daily
life. We always either use a fingerprint sensor or an eye-scanning system,
depends on organization to organization.
• Let's talk about the fingerprint scanner system and how these systems work.
• Now, when a person presents its finger on the fingerprint scanner it scans
the fingerprint and considers this as part of an enrollment process.
• From this fingerprint template, the device extracts certain key features which
make different from others and stores it into a database.
• After that, every time the same person place its finger on the top of this
fingerprint scanner, it creates a template and compares this with all the
templates that are present in the database.
• If it matches to correspondingly let's say giving that person an attendance
or allows him to access a door, if it does not then it raises an alert.
• This biometric system can be fingerprint or eye
scanning or it could be a combination of both. Voice
recognition system is also one of the key products in the
biometric domain.
IoT in Security Camera & Door
Unlock System
• The Security Camera and a Door unlock system is
something that is quite interesting IoT application.
• How does this system work?
• Here, we place a camera on the top foot of the door
which in turn clicks the photo of a person who comes
into frame.
• Now, this photo is sent to an analytical system which in
turn compares this with all the photos it possesses to
identify whether to let the user open the door or not.
• Now, if it does not find the photo of that person then it
can notify the concern that a person is trying to access
this door would you like to authorize this person? or
would you like to deny the access to this person?
• Usually, the Security Camera and a Door unlock system
is used in the areas where you have highly sensitive
information stored. Another usage of the security
camera and door unlock system can be at our homes
when we want to identify who comes to our home when
we are not there and either decide to give them access
to our home or not.
IoT in Smart Home and Smart City Application

• Implementing IoT system in home and city leads them to become as smart
home and smart city. Smart home or smart city make life quite easier and
smarter.
• A smart home system can be something that makes our life quite easy.
Starting from energy management where the power controls system in the
AC appliances where we use the thermostat, all this is managed to cut
down the power consumption that's taking place.
• A door management system, security management system, water
management system are the part of this as well. Still, these are vital things
that stand out in the smart home system.
• The limitation of IoT in smart home application stops where our
imagination stops.
• Anything that we wish to automate or want to make our life easier can be
a part of smart home, a smartphone system as well.
• Now, a smart home usually is going to be a base of a smart city.
• The smart city is an evolution of a smart home. Here, it is not just
the sensors of a single home that is connected, here its correlation
or a network or a connection between various organizations, various
domains as well as multiple segments of that city as a whole.
• In the smart city, the life of every single dependent becomes more
comfortable and in tune really help to develop that city to greater
extends as such.
• Now, the key factor for a smart city is government support as well,
and if the governments are willing to take this step, then we hope
we would see a smart city completely build on the Internet of
Things.
IoT Smart Agriculture Domain

• Another important domain for Iot is the agriculture

domain where IoT system plays vital role for soil and
crop monitoring and provides a proper solution
accordingly.
• Using smart farming through IoT technologies helps
farmer to reduce waste generation and increase the
productivity.
• There are several IoT technologies available that work
on agriculture domain. Some of them are:
• Drones for field monitoring
• Sensor for soil monitoring
• Water pump for water supply
• Machines for routine operation
Smart Irrigation System

• One of the parts of smart agriculture using IoT is smart irrigation system.
In the smart irrigation system, IoT checks the moisture level in the
environment or in the water lanes that the farmer has created.
• Now, let's understand the working process of this smart irrigation system.
• Usually, the two main IoT devices that used here is the Arduino board and
the Raspberry Pi.
• The Raspberry Pi becomes the main processing unit, and an Arduino
board is placed from each of water channels.
• These Arduino boards themselves connect to multiple sensors which are
part of this water channel so what these sensors check the moisture
present in these lanes as such.
• So, let's say a specific lane does not meet the minimum required moisture
then the Arduino board would send a signal to the Raspberry Pi.
• Again all these devices are connected on the same wireless router
network, and the Raspberry Pi would identify the lack of moisture and
pass a signal to the relay.
• The relay, in turn, would initiate the water pump and the water would
be parked now to ensure that water is not wasted.
• The smart irrigation system would be a gate control system and only
that gate will open where the moister is less.
• Once the sensors detect that the moisture level has gone beyond the
required limit, it would again transmit another signal to the Raspberry Pi
asking it to stop the pump as well.
• So, this helps a farmer to save a lot of water and also makes life quite
easier as well. So, after this, the farmer only task is to either setting up
new plans or creating new water channels.
Internet of Things (IoT) in
Healthcare
• IoT technology brings numerous applications in
healthcare, from remote monitoring to smart sensors to
medical device integration.
• It keeps the patients safe and healthy as well as
improves the physician delivers care towards the
patients.
• Healthcare devices collect diverse data from a large set
of real-world cases that increases the accuracy and the
size of medical data.
Factor affecting IoT Healthcare
Application
• Continuous Research: It requires continuous research
in every field (smart devices, fast communication
channel, etc.) of healthcare to provide a fast and better
facility for patients.

• Smart Devices: Need to use the smart device in the

healthcare system. IoT opens the potential of current
technology and leads us toward new and better medical
device solutions
• Better Care: Using IoT technology, healthcare
professionals get the enormous data of the patient,
analysis the data and facilitate better care to the
patient.
• Medical Information Distribution: IoT technology
makes a transparency of information and distributes the
accurate and current information to patients. This leads
the fewer accidents from miscommunication, better
preventive care, and improved patient satisfaction.
• Simple Healthcare System Architecture
• The application of the Internet of Things (IoT ) in
healthcare transforms it into more smart, fast and more
accurate. There is different IoT architecture in
healthcare that brings start health care system.
• Product Infrastructure: IoT product infrastructure
such as hardware/software component read the sensors
signals and display them to a dedicated device.
• Sensors: IoT in healthcare has different sensors
devices such as pulse-oximeter, electrocardiogram,
thermometer, fluid level sensor, sphygmomanometer
(blood pressure) that read the current patient situation
(data).
• Connectivity: IoT system provides better connectivity
(using Bluetooth, WiFi, etc.) of devices or sensors from
microcontroller to server and vice-versa to read data.
• Analytics: Healthcare system analyzes the data from
sensors and correlates to get healthy parameters of the
patient and on the basis of their analyze data they can
upgrade the patient health.
• Application Platform: IoT system access information
to healthcare professionals on their monitor device for
all patients with all details.
• IoT challenges in Healthcare
• Data security & privacy
• Integration: multiple devices & protocols
• Data overload & accuracy
• Cost
Internet of Things (IoT) in
Transportation
• Internet of Things (IoT) has crucial applications in the
transportation system.
• IoT plays an important role in all the field of
transportation as air-transportation, water-
transportation, and land transportation.
• All the component of these transportation fields is built
with smart devices (sensors, processors) and
interconnected through cloud server or different servers
that transmit data to networks.
• Connected to every means of travel:
• IoT in transportation is not only for traveling from one
place to another, but it also makes safer, greener and
more convenient.
• For example, a smart car performs work simultaneously
such as navigation, communication, entertainment,
efficient, more reliable travel.
• IoT facilitates travelers to remain seamlessly connected
to every means of travel. The vehicle is connected with
the variety of wireless standards to the internet such as
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, intelligent traffic system, and
even to other vehicles.
• Traffic Monitoring and Avoid Collision
• Sensors built inside or outside a vehicle suggest lane
departure and continuously monitor object at all side to
avoid the collision.
• IoT component of transportation does not only mean
within the vehicle, but it extends beyond car to
communicate other, enabling automate real-time
decision to optimize travel.
• For example, traffic monitoring camera identifies the
accident or traffic conjunction and send an alert
message to the nearest traffic control room and send
current traffic conjunction information to other near
Physical Design of Internet of Things (IOT)

• The physical design of an IoT system is referred to as

the Things/Devices and protocols that are used to build an IoT
system.
• all these things/Devices are called Node Devices and every device has
a unique identity that performs remote sensing, actuating and
monitoring work and the protocols that are used to establish
communication between the Node devices and servers over the
internet.
• Things/Devices
• Things/Devices are used to build a connection, process
data, provide interfaces, provide storage, and provide
graphics interfaces in an IoT system.
• all these generate data in a form that can be analyzed
by an analytical system and program to perform
operations and used to improve the system.
• for example temperature sensor that is used to analyze
the temperature generates the data from a location and
is then determined by algorithms.
• Connectivity
• Devices like USB hosts and ETHERNET are used for
connectivity between the devices and the server.

• Processor
• A processor like a CPU and other units are used to
process the data. these data are further used to
improve the decision quality of an IoT system.
• Audio/Video Interfaces
• An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to
record audio and videos in a system.

• Input/Output interface
• To give input and output signals to sensors,
and actuators we use things like UART, SPI, CAN, etc.
• Storage Interfaces
• Things like SD, MMC, and SDIO are used to store the data generated
from an IoT device.
• Other things like DDR and GPU are used to control the activity of an
IoT system.
IoT Protocols

• These protocols are used to establish communication

between a node device and a server over the internet.
• it helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive
data from an IoT device over the internet.
• we use different types of protocols that are present on
both the server and client-side and these protocols are
managed by network layers like application, transport,
network, and link layer.
• Application Layer protocol
• In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent
over the network with the lower layer protocols using
the application interface.
• These protocols include HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP, MQTT,
DDS, and AMQP protocols.
• HTTP
• Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in
an application layer for transmitting media documents.
• it is used to communicate between web browsers and
servers. it makes a request to a server and then waits
till it receives a response and in between the request
server does not keep any data between two requests.
• WebSocket
• This protocol enables two-way communication between a client
and a host that can be run on an untrusted code in a controlled
environment. this protocol is commonly used by web browsers.

• MQTT
• It is a machine-to-machine connectivity protocol that was designed as a
publish/subscribe messaging transport. and it is used for remote locations
where a small code footprint is required.
• UDP
• a user datagram protocol is a part of an internet protocol
called the connectionless protocol. this protocol is not
required to establish the connection to transfer data.

• Network Layer
• This layer is used to send datagrams from the source
network to the destination network. we use IPv4 and IPv6
protocols as host identification that transfers data in
packets.
• Transport Layer
• This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and
handle the error control. also, these layer protocols provide
end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying network.

• TCP
• The transmission control protocol is a protocol that defines
how to establish and maintain a network that can exchange
data in a proper manner using the internet protocol.
• IPv4
• This is a protocol address that is a unique and numerical
label assigned to each device connected to the network.
an IP address performs two main functions host and
location addressing. IPv4 is an IP address that is 32-bit
long.

• IPv6
• It is a successor of IPv4 that uses 128 bits for an IP
address. it is developed by the IETF task force to deal with
long-anticipated problems
• Link Layer
• Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the network's
physical layer. it also determines how the packets are coded
and signaled by the devices.

• Ethernet
• It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used
primarily in LANs. it defines the physical layer and the
medium access control for wired ethernet networks.
• WiFi
• It is a set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of
media access control and physical layer protocols for
implementing wireless local area networks.
Logical Design of IoT

• The logical design of an IoT system refers to an

abstract representation of entities and processes
without going into the low-level specifies of
implementation.
• it uses Functional Blocks, Communication Models,
and Communication APIs to implement a system.
• IoT Functional blocks
• An IoT system consists of a number of functional blocks
like Devices, services, communication, security, and
application that provide the capability for sensing,
actuation, identification, communication, and
management.
• These functional blocks consist of devices that provide
monitoring control functions, handle communication
between host and server, manage the transfer of data,
secure the system using authentication and other
functions, and interface to control and monitor various
terms
• Application
• It is an interface that provides a control system that use by users to view
the status and analyze of system.

• Management
• This functional block provides various functions that are used to manage an
IoT system.

• Services
• This functional block provides some services like monitoring and controlling
a device and publishing and deleting the data and restoring the system.
• Communication
• This block handles the communication between the client and the cloud-
based server and sends/receives the data using protocols.

• Security
• This block is used to secure an IoT system using some functions like
authorization, data security, authentication, 2-step verification, etc.

• Device
• These devices are used to provide sensing and monitoring control
functions that collect data from the outer environment.
• IoT Communication Models
• There are several different types of models available in
an IoT system that is used to communicate between the
system and server like the request-response model,
publish-subscribe model, push-pull model, exclusive pair
model, etc.
Request-Response Communication Model

• This model is a communication model in which a client

sends the request for data to the server and the server
responds according to the request.
• when a server receives a request it fetches the data,
retrieves the resources and prepares the response, and
then sends the data back to the client.
• In simple terms, we can say that in the request-
response model server send the response of equivalent
to the request of the client. in this model, HTTP works as
a request-response protocol between a client and
server.
• Example
• When we search a query on a browser then the browser
submits an HTTP request to the server and then the
server returns a response to the browser(client).
Publish-Subscribe Communication Model

• In this communication model, we have

a broker between publisher and consumer. here
publishers are the source of data but they are not aware
of consumers.
• they send the data managed by the brokers and when
a consumer subscribes to a topic that is managed by
the broker and when the broker receives data from the
publisher it sends the data to all
the subscribed consumers.
• Example
• On the website many times we subscribed to their
newsletters using our email address. these email
addresses are managed by some third-party services
and when a new article is published on the website it is
directly sent to the broker and then the broker sends
these new data or posts to all the subscribers.
Push-Pull Communication Model

• It is a communication model in which the data push by

the producers in a queue and the consumers pull the
data from the queues. here also producers are not
aware of the consumers.
Example
• When we visit a website we saw a number of posts that
are published in a queue and according to our
requirements, we click on a post and start reading it.
Exclusive Pair Communication Model

• It is a bidirectional
fully duplex communication model that uses a
persistent connection between the client and server.
• here first set up a connection between the client and
the server and remain open until the client sends a
close connection request to the server
IoT communication APIs
• These APIs like REST and WebSocket are used to
communicate between the server and system in IoT.
• REST-based communication APIs
• Representational state transfer(REST) API uses a set of architectural
principles that used to design web services. these APIs focus on the
systems' resources that how resource states are transferred using the
request-response communication model. this API uses some
architectural constraints.
• Client-server
• Here the client is not aware of the storage of data
because it is concerned about the server and similarly
the server should not be concerned about the user
interface because it is a concern of the client. and this
separation is needed for independent development and
updating of server and client. no matter how the client
is using the response of the server and no matter how
the server is using the request of the client.
• Stateless
• It means each request from the client to the server must contain all
the necessary information to understand by the server. because if the
server can't understand the request of the client then it can't fetch
the request data in a proper manner.
• Cacheable
• In response, if the cache constraints are given then a
client can reuse that response in a later request. it
improves the efficiency and scalability of the system
without loading the extra data.
• A RESTful web APIs is implemented using HTTP and
REST principles.
• this type of API reduces the traffic and latency of data
and makes sure that each time when we request new
data it cannot terminate the request.
• WebSocket based communication API
• This type of API allows bi-directional full-
duplex communication between server and client using the
exclusive pair communication model.
• this API uses full-duplex communication so it does not require
a new connection setup every time when it requests new data.
• WebSocket API begins with a connection setup between the
server and client and if the WebSocket is supported by the
server then it responds back to the client with the successful
response after the setup of a connection server and the client
can send data to each other in full-duplex mode.