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Sampling and Sampling Design

The document discusses the process of sampling in research, highlighting its advantages, ideal requirements, selection methods, and potential errors. It outlines various sampling methods including non-probability and probability sampling, as well as the importance of sample size in achieving accurate results. The conclusion emphasizes that effective sampling strategies can lead to valid and reliable research outcomes while saving time and costs.

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miss.komalpriya201830
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3 views15 pages

Sampling and Sampling Design

The document discusses the process of sampling in research, highlighting its advantages, ideal requirements, selection methods, and potential errors. It outlines various sampling methods including non-probability and probability sampling, as well as the importance of sample size in achieving accurate results. The conclusion emphasizes that effective sampling strategies can lead to valid and reliable research outcomes while saving time and costs.

Uploaded by

miss.komalpriya201830
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DESIGN

PRESENTED BY :- KOMAL PRIYA


FINAL YEAR BDS
DEPARTMENT OF PHD
BUDDHA INSTITUTE OF DENTAL
SCIENCES AND HOSPITAL
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Advantages of sampling
• Ideal requirements of a sample
• Sample selection
• Sampling methods
• Sample size
• Errors in sampling
• Conclusion
• References
SAMPLING PROCESS
INTRODUCTION

• Samples are segments of the population about which


research is being done.
• Sampling is rhe process or technique of selecting a
sample of appropriate characteristics and adequate
size.
• ‘Sampling frame’ is the total of the elements of the
survey population, redefined according to certain
specifications.
• Sampling frame consists of Sampling units, which
are individual entities that form the focus of the
study.
ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING

• It reduces the cost of the investigation, the time required and the number of personnel
involved.
• It allows thorough investigation of the units of observation.
• It helps to provide adequate and in depth coverage of the sample units.
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SAMPLE

• Efficiency: It is the ability of the sample to yield the desired information.


• Representativeness: A sample should be representative of the parent population.
• Measurability: The design of the sample should be such that valid estimates of its
variability can be made.
• Size: A sample should be large enough to minimize sample variability and to allow estimates
of the population characteristics to be made with measurable precision.
• Coverage: High rates of refusal/ non-respnse, loss to follow-up and other missing data can
make sample un-representative of the parent population.
• Goal orientation: Sample selection should be oriented towards the study objectives and
research design.
• Feasibility: The design should be simple enough to be carried out in practice.
• Economy and cost efficiency: The sample design should yield the desired information with
appreciable savings in time and cost and with least sampling error
SAMPLE SELECTION

The actual sample selection can be accomplished in two basic ways:


PURPOSIVE SELECTION
The selection of a sample primarily aims at representing the population as a whole. Hence
there can be a great temptation to deliberately or purposely select the individuals who seem to
represent the population under study.
RANDOM SELECTION
Here a sample of units is selected in such a way that all the characteristics of the population are
reflected in the sample.
SAMPLING METHODS
Different sampling designs are available depending upon the type and nature of the population
and the objectives of the investigation.
1. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Non probability samples are not truly representative and are therefore less desirable.
a) QUOTA SAMPLING
Here, the general composition of the sample is decided in advance. The only requirement
is that the right number of people be somehow found to fill these quotas.

b) PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
A purposive sample is a non-representative subset of some larger population, and is
constructed to serve a very specific need or purpose.
c) CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
2. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In this method, each individual unit in the total population has a known probability of
being selected.
a) SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
In this technique each and every unit in the population has an equal chance of being
included in the sample.
i) Lottery method
ii) Table of random numbers
b) SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
A systematic sample is obtained by selecting one unit at random and then selecting
additional units at evenly spaced interval till the sample of required size has been got.
c) STRATIFIED SAMPLING
The population is first divided into subgroups or strata according to certain common
characteristics.
i) Stratified random sampling
ii) Stratified systematic sampling
d) CLUSTER SAMPLING
This method is used when the population forms natural groups or clusters, such as
villages, ward blocks or children of a school etc.
OTHER SAMPLING METHODS
1. MULTIPHASE SAMPLING
In this method, part of the information is collected from the whole sample and a part
from the sub sample.
2. MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
The first stage is to select the groups or clusters. Then sub samples are taken in as
many subsequent stages as necessary to obtain the desired sample size.
SAMPLE SIZE

Bigger the sample, higher will be the precision of the estimates of the sample.
The sample size is calculated by the formula:-

where,
n = sample size
p = approximate prevalence rate
q=1–p
L = permissible error in the estimation of p
ERRORS IN SAMPLING
There are two types of errors that arise in sampling:-
1. Sampling Error
The sampling errors are errors that creep in due to the sampling process and could arise
because of faulty sample design or due to the small size of the sample.
2. Non sampling error
Non sampling errors arise due to:-
i) Coverage error – due to non response or non cooperation of the informant.
ii) Observational error – due to interviewers bias or imperfect experimental technique or
both.
iii) Processing error – due to errors in statistical analysis.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be said that using a sample in research saves mainly on money and time,
if a suitable sampling strategy is used, an appropriate sample size selected and necessary
precautions taken to reduce on sampling and measurement errors, then a sample should yield
valid and reliable information.
REFERENCES

• Soben Peter, Essentials of Preventive and Community Dentistry (Public Health Dentistry),
4th Edition
• SS Hiremath, Textbook of Public Health Dentistry, 3rd Edition

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