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Introduction Basic Biostatistics

The document provides an introduction to biostatistics, highlighting its importance in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of biological and medical data. It covers the types of statistics, methods of data collection, and the distinction between population and sample, emphasizing the role of biostatistics in research design and health assessments. The document also outlines the significance of valid interpretations and generalizability in statistical analysis.

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Berhanu Yelea
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23 views22 pages

Introduction Basic Biostatistics

The document provides an introduction to biostatistics, highlighting its importance in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of biological and medical data. It covers the types of statistics, methods of data collection, and the distinction between population and sample, emphasizing the role of biostatistics in research design and health assessments. The document also outlines the significance of valid interpretations and generalizability in statistical analysis.

Uploaded by

Berhanu Yelea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO BASIC

BIOSTATISTICS

By
Yilma Chisha, BSc, MSC, Assistant
professor of BHI
School of Public Health, AMU
October 2020
Introduction
• What is statistics?
• Statistics: A field of study concerned with:
– collection, organization, analysis, summarization
and interpretation of numerical data, &
– the drawing of inferences /conclusion/ about a
body of data when only a small part of the data
is observed.

• Statistics helps us use numbers to


communicate ideas

2
 Biostatistics: The application of statistical
methods to the fields of biological and
medical sciences.
 Concerned with interpretation of biological
data & the communication of information
derived from these data
 Has central role in medical investigations

3
• The numbers must be presented in such a
way that valid interpretations are possible

• Statistics are everywhere – just look at any


newspaper or the current medical and
public health literature.

4
Uses of biostatistics
• Provide methods of organizing information
• Assessment of health status
• Health program evaluation
• Resource allocation
• Magnitude of association
– Strong vs weak association between
exposure and outcome

5
Uses of biostatistics…..
• Assessing risk factors
– Cause & effect relationship
• Evaluation of a new vaccine or drug
– What can be concluded if the proportion of
people free from the disease is greater among
the vaccinated than the unvaccinated?
– How effective is the vaccine (drug)?
– Is the effect due to chance or some bias?
• Drawing of inferences
– Information from sample to population 6
What does biostatistics cover?
Research Planning

Design The best way to


Biostatistical learn about
thinking Execution (Data collection) biostatistics is to
contribute in follow the flow of a
every step in a research from
Data Processing
research inception to the
final publication
Data Analysis

Presentation

Interpretation
7
Publication
Research Design
• We can not study all subjects (all pregnant
women, or all people) living in a given
geographical area
– Sampling technique
– Inclusion/exclusion criteria
– Sample size calculation
– Study design
– Method of data collection
– Etc

8
Analysis
• Analysis part is the major part of learning
about biostatistics
– There are dozens of different methods of
analysis, which makes difficult the choice of
the correct method for a particular case
– It is necessary to consider the philosophy
that underlies all methods of analysis:
• Use data from a sample to draw inference about
a wider population

9
Interpretation
• Interpretation of results of statistical
analysis is not always straightforward,
but is simpler when the study has a
clearer aim

• If the study has been well designed and


correctly analyzed the interpretation of
results can be fairly simple

10
Types of Statistics
1. Descriptive statistics:
• Ways of organizing and summarizing data
• Helps to identify the general features and
trends in a set of data and extracting
useful information
• Also very important in conveying the final
results of a study
• Example: tables, graphs, numerical
summary measures
11
Types of Statistics
2. Inferential statistics:
• Methods used for drawing conclusions
about a population based on the
information obtained from a sample of
observations drawn from that population
• Example: Principles of probability,
estimation, confidence interval,
comparison of two or more means or
proportions, hypothesis testing, etc.
12
Data
• Data are numbers which can be measurements or
can be obtained by counting
• The raw material for statistics
Sources of data
• Can be obtained from:
– Routinely kept records, literature
– Surveys
– Counting
– Experiments
– Reports
– Observation
– Etc 13
Types of Data
1. Primary data: collected from the items or
individual respondents directly by the
researcher for the purpose of a study.

2. Secondary data: which had been collected by


certain people or organization, & statistically
treated and the information contained in it is
used for other purpose by other people

14
Population and Sample
• Population:
– Refers to any collection of objects
• Target population:
– A collection of items that have something in
common for which we wish to draw conclusions at
a particular time.
• E.g., All hospitals in Ethiopia
– The whole group of interest

15
Population and Sample
Study (Sampled) Population:
• The subset of the target population that has at
least some chance of being sampled
• The specific population group from which
samples are drawn and data are collected

16
Population and Sample
Sample:
. A subset of a study population, about
which information is actually obtained.
. The individuals who are actually measured
and comprise the actual data.

17
Population
• Role of statistics
in using information
from a sample to make
inferences about the
population

Information

Sample

18
E.g.: In a study of the prevalence
of HIV among adolescents in
Ethiopia, a random sample of
adolescents in Lideta Kifle
Ketema of AA were included.

Sample Target Population: All


adolescents in Ethiopia
Study Population Study population: All
adolescents in Addis Ababa
Target Population
Sample: Adolescents in Lideta
Kifle Ketema who were included
in the study

19
Generalizability
• Is a two-stage procedure:
• We need to be able to generalize from:
– the sample to the study population, &
– then from the study population to the target
population
• If the sample is not representative of the
population, the conclusions are restricted to
the sample & don’t have general
applicability
20
Draw conclusions
Collect information
about a rather
from a relatively
LARGE population
SMALL sample

21
Parameter and Statistic
• Parameter: A descriptive measure
computed from the data of a population.
– E.g., the mean (µ) age of the target population
• Statistic: A descriptive measure computed
from the data of a sample.
– E.g., sample mean age ( )

22

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