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Computer - History and Generations 8

The document outlines the history and evolution of computers, beginning with early counting methods and devices like the abacus, leading to significant inventions such as Napier's Bones, Pascaline, and Babbage's Analytical Engine. It details the progression through five generations of computers, from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focused on artificial intelligence. Each generation showcases advancements in technology, size, speed, and capabilities, culminating in the development of personal computers and the ongoing evolution towards intelligent systems.

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ANURAG SAHA
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108 views18 pages

Computer - History and Generations 8

The document outlines the history and evolution of computers, beginning with early counting methods and devices like the abacus, leading to significant inventions such as Napier's Bones, Pascaline, and Babbage's Analytical Engine. It details the progression through five generations of computers, from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focused on artificial intelligence. Each generation showcases advancements in technology, size, speed, and capabilities, culminating in the development of personal computers and the ongoing evolution towards intelligent systems.

Uploaded by

ANURAG SAHA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer – history

and generation
s
Concept of counting
 The computer is an electronic machine that has touched every aspect of our
lives,making our work faster,easier and well-organized. We rely on computers for
most of our daily work. Computer has its own history. It has been a combination of
efforts and ideas of many people from all over the world.
The concept of counting started with the existence of human beings. In the ancient
times people used to cont with the help of stones,pebbles,bones,sticks,fingers,toes ect
and store information by marking marks on the walls,pillars,rocks ect.
In the course of time,it became difficult to do bigger and complex calculations with such
objects. So people started thinking of some kind of device that could make their tasks
easier. Thus, the first calculating device ABACUS was invented
Early calculating devices

abacus
 ABACUS was the first calculating device , invented about 5000 years
ago by the Chinese. Simple calculations like addition and subtraction
were performed,using the Abacus. It is still in use in different parts of
the world
Napier’s bones

 In 1617, A Scottish Mathematician JOHN NAPIER invented a


calculating device called NAPIER’S BONES. This device is a set of
rectangular rods marked with numbers on them.
 It was meant for simple calculation like addition, subtraction and
multiplication of numbers. Later on, it was improved to perform
division and square root.
PASCALINE

 In 1642, A French Mathematician named BLAISE PASCAL invented


the first mechanical computing device known as PASCALINE
 it consisted of a box with movable gears that could add, subtract,
multiply and divide the numbers very easily
Leibniz’s Step reckoner

 1n 1692, A more advanced calculating machine named STEP RECKONER was


developed by a German Mathematician GOTTFRIED WILHEM (VON) LEIBNIZ. it
could perform all four basic mathematical operations , i.e., addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division
Babbage's analytical engine
 In 1822, A Mathematician Professor of Cambridge University, England, CHARLES
BABBAGE developed machine known as DIFFERENCE ENGINE. It could
perform mathematical operations automatically. However in 1833, Babbage had
a better idea, and stopped working on the difference engine and started
designing another device called ANALYTICAL ENGINE.
 It had five key features i.e., input device, storage unit, processor, control unit
and an output device. All this five features are found in today’s modern
computers. Therebefore, Charles Babbage is known as the FATHER OF
COMPUTER.
Tabulating machine

 In 1890, HERMAN HOLLERITH, an army engineer invented a


TABULATING MACHINE. This TABULATING DEVICE was used in
census (to count the population) of the USA. It gave a quick count of
the US population.
 The use of the TABULATING DEVICE was so successful that
HOLLERITH formed a company that later became famous as the
INTERNATIONAL BUISNESS MACHINE or IBM.
The first electro-mechanical
computer
 MARK I
 In 1944, prof. HOWARD AIKEN built the first ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
COMPUTER named MARK I
 It was 51 feet long, weighed 5 tons, and used a typewriter for input
and punch cards for output. This device was the first computer in a
real sense.
The first electronic computer
 ENIAC AND UNIVAC
 In 1951, JOHN MAUCHLY and JOHN PRESPER ECKERT together built the first
successful electronic digital electronic computer known as ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Computer). It was operational in 1946. ENIAC was 10
feet wide and 100 feet long. It occupied 1800 square feet of an area and could
perform 5000 additions per sec.
 In 1951, JOHN MAUCHLY and JOHN PRESPER ECKERT developed another
successful computer known as UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer). It
could handle both numeric and textual information. It was the first commercial
computer delivered to a business client US CENSUS BUREAU in 1951.

ENIAC
UNIVAC
PERSONAL COMPUTER

 Computer has come a long way since then. In 1981, IBM introduced their first
Personal Computer (PC) and in 1984, they introduced the advanced version of
the Personal Computer called PC-AT (Advanced Technology). These
computers were smaller in size, faster in speed, more accurate, and more
reliable.
 There are several types of Personal Computers that are available nowadays.
For example, Desktop Computer, Laptop Computer, and Tablet Computer.
generation

 Dear children, we all have different generations of people in our


family, like grandparents, parents, and children.
 Computer also have different generations like:
Generations of computer

 Generation means the production or creation of something. In terms


of computer, it implies remarkable development and growth in
computer technology
 The growth of computer took place in Five distinct phases called
Computer Generations. The different computer generations are
categorized according to their technology of basic computing
elements.
 Now, let us learn about these different generations of computer
First generation computers (1946 – 1958)
 The First Generation of Computers started in 1946. the makers of these
computers used thousands of vacuum tubes, which were often huge, taking up
the space of entire room.
 Features of First Generations of Computers:
 They use the vacuum tube technology They used machine language
 The size was very big They were very expensive
 They produced a lot of heat The operating speed was very slow
 They were not much reliable
 ENIAC and UNIVAC are the examples of first generation computers
Second generation computers (1959
– 1964)
 In the late 1950s, the Second Generation Computers were introduced. Second
Generation Computers used Transistors instead of Vacuum Tubes.
 Features of Second Generation Computers
 They used Transistors They used Assembly Language
 The cost got reduced The size became smaller
 The Operating Speed became faster They produced a lot of heat

IBM 140, MARK III, and LEO are the examples of Second Generation of
Computers. The Transistors were far superior than Vacuum Tubes that
allowed computers to become smaller, faster, and more reliable than the
First Generation Computers.
Third Generation Computers (1965 –

1970)
In the mid of 1960s, the development of Integrated Circuit was a major
breakthrough resulting in the introduction of the Third Generation Computers. The
Transistors were replaced by the Integrated Circuits (IC), also known as
Semiconductor Chips, which made the computer more powerful, and increased its
speed and efficiency
 Features of Third Generation Computers
 They used Integrated Circuits (IC) they use High-Level Language like Fortran
and Cobol
 They generate less heat and were more reliable the size became smaller
 They performed billions of instructions in few seconds users interacted with
keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an Operating System
 IBM-360, ICL 1900, CDC, ect. Are the examples of Third Generation Computers
Fourth generation computers
(1971onwards)
 The fourth generation computers started in 1971, and they used
Microprocessor, which is a single chip that contains all the processing. The size of a
computer became very small as thousands of Integrated Circuits were built onto a
single Chip. These computers became more powerful and they could be linked
together to form Network, which lead to the development of Internet.
 Features of fourth generation computers
 They use Microprocessor They use High-Level Language like C, C++, and Java
 They are Multipurpose Computers they are accurate, reliable, and very fast
 Intel 4004, Macintosh, IBM 370 ect., are the first examples of Fourth Generation
 In 1981, IBM introduced its first Personal Computer (PC) for the home users and in
1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh
Fifth generation computers (present
and beyond
 The Fifth Generation Computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
They are still in development.
 The main goal of the fifth generation is to develop the computers that can
respond to natural language, and are capabke of learning and taking their own
decisions, for example, Robot
 Features of Fifth Generation Computers
 The fifth generation computer will use super large scale integrated chips
 They will have Artificial Intelligence they will be able to recognize images
and graphs
 They will be able to solve highly complex problem including decision-making
 They are intended to work with Natural Language

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