Revolutionising B.

Tech
23TCSE305 – FOUNDATIONS OF
CLOUD COMPUTING

Module I - Introduction
 Table of Content
• Aim • Self Assessments
• Objectives • Terminal Questions
• Introduction to Cloud • Reference Links*
Computing • Thank You
• Definition of Cloud
• Evolution of Cloud Computing
• Underlying Principles of
Parallel and Distributed
Computing
• Cloud Characteristics
 Aim

To gain knowledge of the basic concepts of Cloud

Computing concepts and its underlying principles
 a. Explain the basic definition of Cloud Computing.

b. Analyse how the computing evolves over the period of

times.

c. Understand the various characteristics of Cloud

Computing.
Objectiv
e d. Infer how the elasticity and on-demand provisioning

features are achieved in Cloud Environment.

 Definition of Cloud

Cloud computing is a model for enabling

ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider
interaction
Evolution of computers
• First generation – 1943
• Mark I and Colossus computers were
developed with financial banking from IBM.
• Mark I was designed and developed at
Harvard University.
• Data was stored using paper punch cards.
• Colossus was used in secret during World
War II to help decipher teleprinter messages
encrypted by German forces using the Lorenz
SZ40/42 machine.
Evolution of computers
Evolution of computers
• Second generation – 1946
• ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• This was the first Turing-complete, digital computer capable of
being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing
problems.
• ENIAC’s original purpose was to calculate artillery firing tables
for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.
• Thermionic valves, weighed over 60,000 pounds, and
consumed 25 kilowatts of electrical power per hour.
• ENIAC was capable of performing 100,000 calculation a second.
• The invention of the transistor meant that the inefficient
thermionic valves could be replaced with smaller, more reliable
components, thus marking another major step in the history of
computing.
Evolution of computers
Evolution of computers
• Third generation – 1958
• First integrated circuit was produced in September
1958
• Integrated circuit allowed the development of
minicomputers that began to bring computing into
many smaller businesses.
• In November 1971, Intel released the world’s first
commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004
• The 4004 was the first complete CPU on one chip and
became the first commercially available
microprocessor.
Evolution of computers
• Fourth generation – 1971
• Utilized a microprocessor that put the computer’s
processing capabilities on a single integrated circuit
chip. By combining random access memory (RAM),
developed by Intel
• Fourth-generation computers were faster than ever
before and had much smaller footprints.
• Apple I and II launched
• IBM PC in 1981. The PC era had begun in earnest by
the mid-1980s.
• VLSI (very-large-scale integration)
Evolution of Cloud Computing
Distributed Systems
• It is a composition of multiple independent systems
but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the
users.
• The purpose of distributed systems is to share
resources and also use them effectively and
efficiently.
• Distributed systems possess characteristics such as
scalability, concurrency, continuous availability,
heterogeneity, and independence in failures.
• But the main problem with this system was that all
the systems were required to be present at the same
geographical location to do a huge task.
Mainframe computing
• Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951
are highly powerful and reliable computing machines.
• These are responsible for handling large data such as
massive input-output operations.
• Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks
such as online transactions etc.
• These systems have almost no downtime with high
fault tolerance.
• But these were very expensive. To reduce this cost,
cluster computing came as an alternative to
mainframe technology.
Cluster computing
• In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to
mainframe computing. Each machine in the cluster was
connected to each other by a network with high
bandwidth.
• These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems.
These were equally capable of high computations.
• Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it
was required.
• Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent
but the problem related to geographical restrictions still
pertained.
• To solve this, the concept of grid computing was
introduced.
 Grid computing
• In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced.
It means that different systems were placed at entirely
different geographical locations and these all were
connected via the internet.
• These systems belonged to different organizations and
thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes.
• Although it solved some problems but new problems
emerged as the distance between the nodes increased.
• The main problem which was encountered was the low
availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it
other network associated issues.
• Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor
of grid computing”.
 Virtualization
• It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers
to the process of creating a virtual layer over
the hardware which allows the user to run
multiple instances simultaneously on the
hardware.
• It is a key technology used in cloud computing.
• It is the base on which major cloud computing
services such as Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud,
etc.,
• Hardware virtualization is still one of the most
common types of virtualization.
 Web 2.0
• It is the interface through which the cloud computing
services interact with the clients.
• It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and
dynamic web pages.
• It also increases flexibility among web pages.
• Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps,
Facebook, Twitter, etc.
• Needless to say, social media is possible because of
this technology only.
• It gained major popularity in 2004.
Service orientation
• It acts as a reference model for cloud
computing.
• It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable
applications.
• Two important concepts were introduced in
this computing model.
• These were Quality of Service (QoS) which
also includes the SLA (Service Level
Agreement) and Software as a Service
(SaaS).
 Utility computing

• It is a computing model that defines

service provisioning techniques for
services such as compute services along
with other major services such as storage,
infrastructure, etc., which are provisioned
on a pay-per-use basis.
 Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed
Computing
Parallel Computing
• In parallel computing multiple processors performs
multiple tasks assigned to them simultaneously.
• Memory in parallel systems can either be shared or
distributed. Parallel computing provides concurrency
and saves time and money.
• More precisely, the term parallel computing refers to a
model in which the computation is divided among
several processors sharing the same memory (Tightly
coupled)
 Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed
Computing
Distributed Computing
• In distributed computing we have multiple autonomous
computers which seems to the user as single system.
• In distributed systems there is no shared memory (Loosely
coupled) and computers communicate with each other through
message passing. In distributed computing a single task is
divided among different computers.
• The term distributed computing encompasses any architecture or
system that allows the computation to be broken down into units
and executed concurrently on different computing elements,
whether these are processors on different nodes
 Essential Characteristics
On-demand self-service - A consumer can unilaterally
provision computing capabilities, such as server time and
network storage, as needed automatically without requiring
human interaction with each service provider.
Broad network access - Capabilities of available over the
network and accessed through standard mechanisms that
promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms
(e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
Resource pooling - The provider’s computing resources are
pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant
model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer
demand.
 Essential Characteristics
Rapid elasticity - Capabilities can be elastically provisioned
and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly
outward and inward commensurate with demand.

Measured service - Cloud systems automatically control and

optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at
some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service
(e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user
accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and
reported, providing transparency for both the provider and
consumer of the utilized service.
 Elasticity in cloud
In cloud computing, elasticity is defined as "the
degree to which a system is able to adapt to
workload changes by provisioning and de-
provisioning resources in an autonomic manner,
such that at each point in time the available
resources match the current demand as closely as
possible".
 Overprovisioning and under provisioning
• The main reason for cloud elasticity is to avoid either
overprovisioning and under provisioning of resources.
• Giving a cloud user either too much or too little data
and resources will put that user at a disadvantage.
• If an enterprise has too many resources, they’ll be
paying for assets they aren’t using.
• If they have too few resources, they can’t run their
processes correctly.
• Elastic systems can detect changes in workflows and
processes in the cloud, automatically correcting
resource provisioning to adjust for updated user
projects.
 Cloud elasticity vs. cloud scalability
• Cloud elasticity is sometimes confused with cloud
scalability, often because they’re used interchangeably
or talked about in the same sentence.
• Scalability refers to the growing or shrinking of
workflows or architectures in pre-built infrastructures
without impacting performance.
• Both elasticity and scalability are important for cloud
users.
• They need to be able to grow their workflows to match
their enterprise’s needs while also knowing they have
the correct amount of resources to do so.
On demand provisioning
• On demand computing (ODC) is a delivery
model in which computing resources are
made available to the user as needed.
• The resources may be maintained within the
user's enterprise or made available by a
cloud service provider.
• When the services are provided by a third-
party, the term cloud computing is often used
as a synonym for on-demand computing.
 On-demand computing - Another scenario

• It is an enterprise-level model of technology

by which a customer can purchase cloud
services as and when needed.
• For example, if a customer needs to utilize
servers for the duration of a project, they can
do so and drop back to the previous level
after the project is completed.
 On-demand computing - Another scenario

• ODC make computing resources such as

• storage capacity,
• computational speed and
• software applications
• Available to users as needed for
• specific temporary projects,
• known or unexpected workloads,
• routine work
• long-term technological computing requirements.
 Assessments

____________is the delivery of on-demand

computing services, from applications to storage
and processing power, typically over the internet
and on a pay-as-you-go basis.

a) Cloud computing
b) Cloud Infrastructure
c) Distributed system
d) None of these
 Assessments

Which of the following are the features of cloud

computing?

a) Security
b) Availability
c) Large Network Access
d) All of the mentioned
 Assessments

Which of the following is a type of cloud

computing service?

a) Service-as-a-Software (SaaS)
b) Software-and-a-Server (SaaS)
c) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
d) Software-as-a-Server (SaaS)
Did You Know?
 Terminal Questions

1) Compare Parallel Computing and Distributed

Computing
2) List out the characteristics of Cloud Computing
Reference Links
Text Books:

1. Kai Hwang, Geoffrey C. Fox, Jack G. Dongarra, "Distributed and

Cloud Computing, From Parallel Processing to the Internet of Things",
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2012.
2. Rittinghouse, John W., and James F. Ransome, ―Cloud Computing:
Implementation, Management and Security‖, CRC Press, 2017.
3. Rajkumar Buyya, Christian Vecchiola, S. ThamaraiSelvi, ―Mastering
Cloud Computing‖, Tata Mcgraw Hill, 2013.
Thank
you