COMPUTER NETWORKS

INTRODUCTION

1-1
 Syllabus & Text-books
1) Andrew S. Tanenbaum , David J. Wetherall, Computer Networks,
Prentice Hall, 5th Edition, 2010.
2) Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach,
7th edition Pearson/Addison Wesley, April 2016.
3) William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, Pearson
Education, Inc., 10th Edition, 2014

1-2
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the computer network and
Internet?
1.2 Network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 Delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History Introduction 1-3
 A computer network
• A computer network is the
interconnection of a set of devices
capable of communication. A
device can be:
– A host (or an end system): large computer,
desktop, laptop, workstation, cellular phone, or
security system.
– A connecting device: a router which connects
the network to other networks, a switch which
connects devices together, a modem that
changes the form of data, and so on.
• These devices are connected using
wired or wireless transmission
media (cable or air).
When we connect two computers at home using a plug-and-play
router, we have created a network, although very small.
1-4
 A computer network

Networking Impacts in Our Daily Lives

 Networks support the way we learn.
 Networks support the way we communicate.
 Networks support the way we work.
 Networks support the way we play.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dxcc6ycZ73M

1-5
 What’s the Internet?
PC • billions of connected computing mobile network
server devices:
– hosts = end systems (devices) global ISP
wireless
laptop – running network apps
smartphone
home
 communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
• fiber, copper,
links radio, satellite
wired
links • transmission rate:
bandwidth

 packet switches:
router
forward packets institutional
(chunks of data) network
• routers and switches
Introduction 1-6
 “Fun” Internet-connected
devices
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

Tweet-a-watt:
Slingbox: watch, monitor energy use
control cable TV remotely

sensorized,
bed
mattress
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
Introduction 1-7
 What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
• Infrastructure that provides
services to applications: global ISP
– Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, social networks, … home
• Provides programming network
regional ISP
interface to apps
– hooks that allow sending and
receiving app programs to
“connect” to Internet
– provides service options,
analogous to postal service
institutional
network

Introduction 1-8
 the Internet
mobile network
• Internet: “network of
networks” global ISP
– Interconnected ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
home
• Protocols control sending, network
regional ISP
receiving of messages
– e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
802.11
• Internet standards
– RFC: Request for comments
– IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force institutional
network

Introduction 1-9
 Internet Standards
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
– Data communications (modem - V.90)
– Telephones, fax
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF -
https://www.ietf.org/)
– Core: Internet Protocol, transport (TCP)
– Apps: email, HTTP, FTP, SSH, NFS, VoIP
• W3C (https://www.w3.org/)
– HTML, XML, schema, SOAP, semantic web, …
• OASIS (https://www.oasis-open.org/)
– XML schema for specific apps
• Others

1-10
 What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
• “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
• “I have a question” humans
• introductions  all communication
activity in Internet
… specific messages governed by protocols
sent protocols define format,
… specific actions order of messages sent
taken when and received among
messages received,
or other events
network entities, and
actions taken on
message transmission,
Introduction 1-11
 What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human
protocols? Introduction 1-12
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 Internet history

Introduction 1-13
 A closer look at network
structure:
 Network edge: mobile network

• hosts: clients and servers

• servers often in data centers global ISP

home
 Access networks, network
regional ISP
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
 Network core:
• interconnected
routers institutional
• network of networks network

Introduction 1-14
 Network edge
• End systems (devices),
hosts:
◦ Running applications at “edge
of network”
◦ Web, email

• Client/server
architecture
◦ Eg: Web browser/server, email
client/server
• Peer-peer architecture:
◦ E.g: Gnutella, KaZaA, BitTorrent

1-15
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect
end systems to edge
router?
 Residential access
networks
 Institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks

keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
 shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-16
Access network: digital subscriber line
(DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1
Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream Introduction
transmission rate (typically <1-1710
Mbps)
 Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

equency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitt

different frequency bands
Introduction 1-18
 Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream
transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream transmission
rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
• unlike DSL, which hasIntroduction
dedicated access to central 1-19
 Access network: home
network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)

Introduction 1-20
 Enterprise access networks
(Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

 typically used in companies, universities, etc.

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-21
 Wireless access networks
• shared wireless access network connects end system to
router
– via base
wireless station aka “access point”
LANs: wide-area wireless access
 within building (100 ft.  provided by telco (cellular)
~30m) operator, 10’s km
 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54,  between 1 and 10 Mbps
450 Mbps transmission rate  3G, 4G: LTE, 5G

to Internet

to Internet
Introduction 1-22
 Host: sends packets of data
Host sending function:
 takes application message
 breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
 transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate
R 2 1

• link transmission rate, R: link transmission rate

aka link capacity, aka host
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction 1-23
 Physical media
• bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
• physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
 two insulated copper
between transmitter &
receiver wires
• Category 5 (Cat. 5): 100
• guided media:
Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
– signals propagate in • Category 6 (Cat. 6):
solid media: copper, 10Gbps

fiber, coax
• unguided media:
– signals propagate
freely, e.g., radio Introduction 1-24
 Physical media: coax, fiber

coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:

 glass fiber carrying light
 two concentric copper
pulses, each pulse a bit
conductors  high-speed operation:
 bidirectional • high-speed point-to-point
 broadband: transmission (e.g., 10’s-
100’s Gbps transmission
• multiple channels on cable rate)
• HFC  low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic
noise

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZ
Og39v73c4
Introduction 1-25
 Physical media: radio
• signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic  terrestrial microwave
• e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
spectrum
 LAN (e.g., WiFi)
• no physical “wire” • 54 Mbps
• bidirectional  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
• propagation • 4G cellular: ~ 10 Mbps
environment effects:  satellite
• Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
– reflection multiple smaller channels)
– obstruction by objects • 270 msec end-end delay
– interference • geosynchronous versus low
altitude

Introduction 1-26
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and
Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 history Introduction 1-27
 The Network Core
• How to send data over
the network?
– Packet switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
– Circuit switching:
provides each channel
(circuit) for each call
(data sending):
telephone networks.

1-28
 The network core
• mesh of interconnected
routers
• packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
– forward packets from
one router to the next,
across links on path from
source to destination
– each packet transmitted
at full link capacity
Introduction 1-29
 Packet-switching: store-and-
forward
L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

• takes L/R seconds to one-hop numerical

transmit (push out) L-bit example:
packet into link at R bps  L = 7.5 Mbits
• store and forward: entire  R = 1.5 Mbps
packet must arrive at  one-hop transmission
router before it can be delay = 5 sec
 transmitted
end-end delayon = 2L/R
next link
(assuming zero propagation more on delay shortly …
delay) Introduction 1-30
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:

 if arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission
rate of link for a period of time:
• packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer)
fills up
Introduction 1-31
 Two key network-core functions
routing: determines
source-destination route forwarding: move
taken by packets
 routing algorithms packets from router’s input
to appropriate router output

routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
1
011

destination address in arriving

packet’s header 1-32
Introduction
 Network core: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated
to, reserved for “call”
between source & dest:
• in diagram, each link has four
circuits.
– call gets 2nd circuit in top link
and 1st circuit in right link.
• dedicated resources: no sharing
– circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
• circuit segment idle if not used by
call (no sharing)
• commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-33
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
Introduction 1-34
 Packet switching versus circuit
switching
packet switching allows more users to use
network!
example:
• 1 Mb/s link
N

…..
• each user: users
• 100 kb/s when “active” 1 Mbps link
• active 10% of time

• circuit-switching:
– 10 users Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
• packet switching:
Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
– with 35 users, probability
> 10 active at same time
* Check out the online
is less interactive
than .0004 exercises
* for more examples: h ttp://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
Introduction 1-35
 Packet switching versus circuit
switching
is packet switching a “slam dunk
winner?”
• great for bursty data
– resource sharing
– simpler, no call setup
• excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
– protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
• Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
– bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
– still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit

switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-
switching)? Introduction 1-36
 Computer networks: examples

• Backbone networks
• Residence networks
• Wireless networks
• Home networks
• Mobile networks
4G/5G
• IoT
 Residence networks: Cable
networks

server(s)

cable headend

Gia đình
cable distribution
network (simplified)
 Residence network: FTTx

• FTTx (Fiber To The X): FTTH (Home), FTTB

(Basement/Building), FTTC (Cabinet)
Backbone network
 Enterprise networks
• LAN
• Ethernet
– 10Mbps,
100Mbps,
Gigabit Ethernet
 Wireless networks
• Wireless LAN
– 802.11x (WiFi)
– WiMAX

Router

Base
Station

Mobile
Host
 Home networks
• Cable (FTTH, Coaxial, ADSL, Modem)
• Ethernet
• Wireless
 4G/5G

• New Radio (NR) spectrum

• Massive Multiple Input – Multiple Output (MIMO)

1-44
Internet of Things

1-45
 Related issues
• Social issues
– Privacy
– Phishing
– Black webs/news
– Cyber-security
– Cyber-criminals
• Solutions
– Technical solutions
– Policies
1-46
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 history

Introduction 1-47
 1.4. Network classification

1.4.1 Network Scale

- LAN, MAN, WAN, GAN
1.4.2 Network function
- Client/Server
- Peer-to-peer
1.4.3 Switching technology: packet, circuit
1.4.4 Transmission technology: broadcast,
point-to-point

1-48
 1.4.1 Network classification by scale

• PAN
• LAN
• MAN
• WAN
• GAN (Internet)

1-49
1-50
 Internet structure: network of
networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs
(Internet Service Providers)
• residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each
other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and national
policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current
Internet structure

Introduction 1-51
 Internet structure: network of
networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect
them together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-52
 Internet structure: network of
networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access
ISP?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP to

…

…
each other directly doesn’t scale:

…
access access
…

net
O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
…

… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-53
 Internet structure: network of
networks
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit
ISP?
Customer and provider ISPsaccess
have economic agreement.
access
… access
net net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-54
 Internet structure: network of
networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors ….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-55
 Internet structure: network of
networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors …. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
access
access
…
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-56
 Internet structure: network of
networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access
nets to ISPs

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-57
 Internet structure: network of
networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google,
Microsoft, Akamai) may run their own network, to bring
services, content close to end users
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-58
 Internet structure: network of
networks
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IXP IXP IXP

Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

• at center: small # of well-connected large networks

– “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT),
national & international coverage
– content provider network (e.g., Google): private network that
connects it data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, 1-59
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone

peering
… …
…
…

…
to/from customers

Introduction 1-60
 Network Classification by
role
• Peer-to-peer • Client – Server

1-61
 Network classification by transmission
technology
• Point –to – point
• Broadcast
• Multicast

1-62
 Network classification by switching
technology

Computer networks

Circuit switching Packet switching

FDM Datagram
TDM VC networks
networks

1-63
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 history

Introduction 1-64
 How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
 packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output
link capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-65
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing

 check bit errors delay
 determine output link  time waiting at output
 typically < msec link for transmission
 depends on congestion
Introduction level of router 1-66
 Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

 L: packet length (bits)  d: length of physical link
 R: link bandwidth (bps)  s: propagation speed (~2x108
 dtrans = L/R dtrans and dprop m/sec)
very different  dprop = d/s
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay 1-67
 Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

• cars “propagate” at • time to “push” entire

100 km/hr caravan through toll
• toll booth takes 12 sec to booth onto highway =
12*10 = 120 sec
service car (bit
• time for last car to
transmission time)
propagate from 1st to
• car ~ bit; caravan ~ 2nd toll both:
packet 100km/(100km/hr)= 1
• Q: How long until caravan hr
is lined up before 2nd toll • A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-68
booth?
 Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

• suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

• and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a
car
• Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced
at• first booth?
A: Yes! after 7 min, first car arrives at second booth;
three cars still at first booth

Introduction 1-69
 Queueing delay (revisited)

average queueing
• R: link bandwidth (bps)

delay
• L: packet length (bits)
• a: average packet
arrival rate
traffic intensity
= L*a/R
 La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0
 La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large
 La/R > 1: more “work” arriving
than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

La/R -> 1
* Check online interactive animation on queuing and loss 1-70
 “Real” Internet delays and routes
• what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
• traceroute program: provides delay measurement
from source to router along end-end Internet path
towards destination. For all i:
– sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
– router i will return packets to sender
– sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-71
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org 1-72

 Packet loss
• queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer
has finite capacity
• packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka
lost)
• lost packet may be retransmitted by
previous node,buffer
by source end system, or
packet being transmitted
not at all
A (waiting area)

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
1-73
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss
 Throughput
• throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
– instantaneous: rate at given point in time
– average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server sendswithbits linkpipe
capacity
that can carry link capacity
pipe that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bits
pipe fluid at rate
R bits/sec fluid at rate
s R bits/sec
to send to client c
Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-74
 Throughput (more)
• Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is average end-end

throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck
link on link
end-end path that constrains end-end
throughput Introduction 1-75
 Throughput: Internet scenario

• per-connection
Rs
end-end
Rs Rs
throughput:
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) R
• in practice: Rc
Rc Rc
or Rs is often Rc
bottleneck
10 connections (fairly) share backbone
bottleneck link R bits/sec
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more
Introduction
examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/ 1-76
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 history

Introduction 1-77
 Protocol “layers”
Networks are
complex,
with many “pieces”:
Question:
 hosts
is there any hope of
 routers organizing structure of
 links of various network?
media
 applications …. or at least our discussion
 protocols of networks?
 hardware,
software

Introduction 1-78
 Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

• a series of steps
Introduction 1-79
Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

layers: each layer implements a

service
 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer
Introduction 1-80
below
 Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
• explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
– layered reference model for discussion
• modularization eases maintenance, updating
of system
– change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
– e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest
of system
• layering considered harmful?
Introduction 1-81
 Internet protocol stack
• application: supporting network
applications
– FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
• transport: process-process data
transfer transport
– TCP, UDP
• network: routing of datagrams network
from source to destination
– IP, routing protocols link
• link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical
– Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
• physical: bits “on the wire”

Introduction 1-82
 ISO/OSI reference model
• presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
presentation
machine-specific conventions
• session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
• Internet stack “missing” these
layers! link
– these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application
– needed?

Introduction 1-83
 message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-84
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 history

Introduction 1-85
 Network security
• field of network security:
– how bad guys can attack computer networks
– how we can defend networks against attacks
– how to design architectures that are immune
to attacks
• Internet not originally designed with
(much) security in mind
– original vision: “a group of mutually trusting
users attached to a transparent network” 
– Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
– security considerations in all layers!
Introduction 1-86
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via
Internet
• malware can get in host from:
– virus: self-replicating infection by
receiving/executing object (e.g., e-mail
attachment)
– worm: self-replicating infection by passively
receiving object that gets itself executed
• spyware malware can record keystrokes, web
sites visited, upload info to collection site
• infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used
for spam. DDoS attacks

Introduction 1-87
 Bad guys: attack server, network
infrastructure
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources
(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by
overwhelming resource with bogus (fake) traffic

1. select target
2. break into hosts
around the network
(see botnet)
3. send packets to target
from compromised hosts
target

Introduction 1-88
 Bad guys can sniff packets
packet “sniffing”:
 broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
 promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets
(e.g., including passwords!) passing by

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B
 wireshark software used for end-of-chapter labs
is a (free) packet-sniffer
Introduction 1-89
 Bad guys can use fake
addresses
IP spoofing: send packet with false source
address C
A

src:B dest:A payload

… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

Introduction 1-90
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 Internet history

Introduction 1-91
 Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
 1961: Kleinrock - • 1972:
queueing theory – ARPAnet public demo
shows effectiveness of – NCP (Network Control
packet-switching Protocol) first host-host
 1964: Baran - packet- protocol
switching in military
– first e-mail program
nets
 1967: ARPAnet – ARPAnet has 15 nodes
conceived by
Advanced Research
Projects Agency
 1969: first ARPAnet
node operational Introduction 1-92
 Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

• 1970: ALOHAnet satellite

network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s
• 1974: Cerf and Kahn - internetworking
principles:
architecture for – minimalism, autonomy -
interconnecting networks no internal changes
• 1976: Ethernet at Xerox required to interconnect
networks
PARC – best effort service model
• late70’s: proprietary – stateless routers
architectures: DECnet, SNA, – decentralized control
XNA define today’s Internet
• late 70’s: switching fixed architecture
length packets (ATM
Introduction 1-93
precursor)
 Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

• 1983: deployment of  new national networks:

TCP/IP CSnet, BITnet, NSFnet,
• 1982: smtp e-mail Minitel
protocol defined  100,000 hosts
• 1983: DNS defined for connected to
name-to-IP-address confederation of
translation networks
• 1985: ftp protocol
defined
• 1988: TCP congestion
control
Introduction 1-94
 Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web,
new apps
• early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned
• 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on
• more killer apps: instant
commercial use of NSFnet messaging, P2P file
(decommissioned, 1995) sharing
• early 1990s: Web • network security to
– hypertext [Bush 1945, forefront
Nelson 1960’s] • est. 50 million host, 100
– HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee million+ users
– 1994: Mosaic, later • backbone links running
Netscape at Gbps
– late 1990’s:
commercialization of the Web
Introduction 1-95
 Internet history
2005-present
• ~5B devices attached to Internet (2016)
– smartphones and tablets
• aggressive deployment of broadband access
• increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
• emergence of online social networks:
– Facebook: ~ billion users
• service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own
networks
– bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous”
access to search, video content, email, etc.
• e-commerce, universities, enterprises running their
services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon EC2)

Introduction 1-96
 Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of you now have:
material! • context, overview,
• Internet overview “feel” of networking
• what’s a protocol? • more depth, detail to
• network edge, core, access follow!
network
– packet-switching
versus circuit-
switching
– Internet structure
• performance: loss, delay,
throughput
• layering, service models
• security
• history Introduction 1-97
 Chapter 1
Additional Slides

Introduction 1-98
 application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application

OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
capture copy of all Network (IP)
Ethernet
Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) frames
sent/received Physical