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DS Lecture IV

The document explains predicates, which are statements containing variables that become propositions when specific values are substituted. It discusses the concepts of domain, truth set, quantifiers, and the differences between universal and existential statements in logic. Examples are provided to illustrate how to determine the truth values of predicates and the use of quantifiers.

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13 views25 pages

DS Lecture IV

The document explains predicates, which are statements containing variables that become propositions when specific values are substituted. It discusses the concepts of domain, truth set, quantifiers, and the differences between universal and existential statements in logic. Examples are provided to illustrate how to determine the truth values of predicates and the use of quantifiers.

Uploaded by

dev.faisee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete Structures (CSC 102)

Relations & Equivalence


Predicates

A predicate is a statement that contains variables and becomes a


proposition when specific values are substituted for those
variables. Predicates express properties or relations among
objects.
It is a statement or condition about a variable that can be either
true or false depending on the value of the variable.
P(x)= x > 3 (This is a predicate that says: “x is greater than 3.” )

P(x) = “x is an even number”


When x=2, P(2) is True.
When x=3, P(3) is False.
Domain

The domain of a predicate variable is the set of all values that may be substituted in
place of the variable.

The domain is the set of all possible values that the variable can take. It defines the
range of values where the predicate is checked.

Example:
•If the domain is D={1,2,3,4,5} , then x can only be one of these numbers.

Truth Set
If P(x) is a predicate and x has domain D, the truth set of P(x) is the set of all
elements of D that make P(x) true when substituted for x.
Example:
•Predicate: P(x) = x>3 Domain: D={1,2,3,4,5}
•Now check the predicate for each value in the domain:
•For x=4: True
•For x=5x = 5x=5: True
Truth Set: {4,5}
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Notation
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Cont…
Let Q(x, y) be the statement
x+y=x−y
where the domain for x and y is the set of all real numbers. Determine
the truth value of:
(a) Q(5,−2).
(b) Q(4.7, 0).
(c) Determine the set of all pairs of numbers, x and y, such that Q(x, y)
is true.
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Quantifier

A quantifier is a symbol used in logic to specify


the quantity or scope of elements over which a
predicate is true.
In other words, quantifiers tell us how many
elements in a given domain satisfy the predicate.

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Universal and Existential Statements

Let Q(x) be a predicate and D the domain of x. A


universal statement is of the form “ x  D, Q( x) ”. It is
true if and only if Q(x) is true for all x in D and it is
false if and only if Q(x) is false for at least one x in D.
A value for x for which Q(x) is false is called a
counterexample to the universal statement.

Example: Let D={1,2,3,4,5} and consider the


statement x  D, x 2 x. Show that this statement is
true. " x 2  x ".
Solution: Check that is true for each individual
x in D. 12 1 32 3 52 5
22 2 42 4 62 6
Cont…..
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Hence x  D, x x. is true.
The technique used in first statement while showing the
truthness of the universal statement is called method of
exhaustion.
Existential Quantifier
Let Q(x) be a predicate and D the domain of
x. An existential statement is of the form.
x  D such that Q(x)
It is true if and only if Q(x) is true for at least
one x in D. It is false if and only if Q(x) is
false for all x in D.
The symbol  denotes “there exist” and is
called the existential quantifier.
Truth and falsity of Existential statements
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