CHAPTER I:

FUNCTION
LESSON 1: REPRESENTING FUNCTIONS
Function - is a relation defined as a set of ordered pairs
(x,y) where no two or more distinct ordered pairs have
the same first element (x); that is, every value of x
corresponds to a unique value of y. A function can be
named using any letter of the English alphabet.

Relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values

(called the domain) to a second set of values (called the
range). It is a set of ordered pairs (x,y).
Example 1:Determine whether each of the following is a function or
not.
f = {(0, -1), (2, -5), (4, -9), (6, -13)}
R={(a, 0), (b, -1), (c, 0), (d, -1)}
g = {( 5, -10), (25, -75), (50, -100)}
T = {( -2, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 1), (-2, 2)}
Solution:
The examples given in (a) and (b) are functions since no two
ordered pairs have the same values of x.
Example (c) is not a function as it does not indicate a set. It is
simply a listing of ordered pairs. Example (d) is not a function
because there are ordered pairs having the same first element x.
Table of values is commonly observed when describing a function,
This shows the correspondence between a set of values of x and a set
of values of y in tabular form. Study the examples below.
X 0 1 4 9 16 -3 -4 -3
0
1 2
2
5 2 4
y -5 -4 -1 4 11 8

Figure 1 Figure 2
X -1 0 1

In figure 1, F is a function since each element in x

y -1 0 1 corresponds to a unique element in y. However, in
figure 2, G is not a function. Notice that the element 2
in x corresponds to two values of y, which are -3 and 4.
In Real life
Example 2: Identify whether the relationship that exists
between each of the following pairs indicates a function or not.
a. A jeepney and its plate number c. a student and
his ID number
b. A teacher and his cellular phone d. A pen and the
a.color
Function. A jeepney
of its ink c. Not a function. A
can only be assigned one teacher may have two or
plate number.A student more
b. Function. d. Notcellular phones.
a function. There some pens
may only be issued one ID that have two or three colors of inks
number. contained in only one unit.
Vertical line test drawn through the graph of a function must intersect
the graph at exactly one point.

Example 3: Which of the following graphs illustrates a function?

Solution: The graphs in (a) and (b) illustrates a function. Notice that
when a vertical line is drawn over these graphs, the line will intersect
each graph at exactly one point. On the other hand, the graph in (c) is
not a function because any vertical line will intersect the graphs at two or
three points.
The relationship between the variables x and y can be denoted by the
equation y= f(x). This rule allows you to determine the unique value of
y for every given value of x. The variable x is the independent
variable, while the variable y is the dependent variable. For
example, the area A of a square is determined by the equation , and
the circumstance C of a circle is given by the equation This means that
the length of the side s of a square determines its area, and the length
of the radius r of a circle determines its circumstance.

Since y = f(x), y = 2x – 1, for instance, can also be written as f(x) = 2x

– 1.
The relationship between the independent and dependent variables,
defined by an equation or a rule, is summarized in figure 3.
Input Process Output
Equation or Value of
Value of x rule y
Example 4: Find the value of y in the equation y = 3x -2 if
x = -1.
Solution:
Substitute the value of x into the given
equation, then solve for y. Therefore, in the given
equation, if x = -1, then y =
-5. These values can be
written as an ordered pair
(-1, -5).
Example 5: If the value of y in the equation is 2, find x.

Solution:
Replace y with 2 in the equation, then
solve for x.

2(x – 2) = 3x + 8 Multiply both sides by x – 2

2x – 4 = 3x Distributive property of
+
2x8– 3x = 8 multiplication
Combining similar terms
+ 4 -x =12
x = -12 Dividing both sides by -1
Therefore, x = -12 if y = 2 in the
given equation.
Example 6: The volume of a cube is defined by the function , where e
is the length of an edge. What must be the length of an edge of a cube
if its volume is
Solution: Substitute the volume of the cube into formula and extract
the cube root of both sides of the equation.
𝟑
𝑽 =𝒆
3 3 e = 13 mm
2 197 𝑚𝑚 =𝑒
√ 2197 𝑚𝑚 = √𝑒
3 3 3 3

Example 7: A car traveled a distance of 42 kilometers (km) in 3 hours

(h). Find theSpeed
Solution: speedisofdetermined
the car. by 𝑑 42 𝑘𝑚
𝑠= = =14 𝑘𝑚/ h
𝑡 3h
the formula where d is the distance
traveled in a given time t. Therefore,
The speed of the car is
14km/h.
 CH AP T E R I :
FU N C T I O N
ALU ATING FU NC TIONS
LESSON 2: EV
Evaluating function is the number assigned to a given variable
determines the value of the function at that number. When you evaluate
a function, it means that you are going to solve for the function value
given a particular value of the variable used in the equation.
Example 1: Let f be a function defined by f(x)= 5x – 3. Find the
following.
a. f(- 2)
b. f(
b. f(3) + f(- 3) d.
Solutions: Replace the variable x in the equation by
the given value of x in each item. Then simplify.
c. Find the values of f for x=3 and
a. f(2)= 5(-2)-3= -13 for x = -3. Then add the results.
b. f(3) + f(-3)= [5(3)-3]+[5(-3)-
5 3]
¿ − 3 =12 -18 = -6
2
Example 2: Let f(x)= Find the following.
b. f(x+1) c. f(x)+F(2x-1) d.

Solutions:
a. b.
¿ 3 ( 𝑥¿ ¿ 2+2 𝑥 +1)− ( 𝑥+1 ) +5 ¿
¿3 ( )
9
16
−
3
4
+5
2
¿ 3 𝑥 +6 𝑥+ 3 − 𝑥 −1+5
27 3 𝟐
¿ − +5 ¿ 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟓 𝒙 +𝟕
16 4

𝟗𝟓 𝟏𝟓
¿ 𝒐𝒓 𝟓
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
 c.
2
¿ 3 𝑥 − 𝑥 +5 + ¿
2 2
¿ 3 𝑥 − 𝑥 +5+ 12 𝑥 −12 𝑥+ 3 −2 𝑥+6
𝟐
¿ 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒
𝑓 (2 𝑥 ¿ ¿ 2) − 𝑓 ( − 3 𝑥 ) =¿ ¿ ¿
2
¿ 3 ( 4 𝑥¿¿ 4) − 2 𝑥 + 5 − ¿ ¿
4 2 2
¿ 12 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 +5 − (27 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 +5 )
4 2 2
¿ 12 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 +5 − 27 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 5
𝟒 𝟐
¿ 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟗 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙
 Example 3: Let H(x)=Find the following.
a. H(2) b. H(-3) c.

Solution:
c.
a.
. 𝐻 (− 3 ) =√ −3 − 2
H is not
√ − 𝟓
Since is not a real defined for
number,
Example 4: Let . Find H is following.
the not defined for
x b.
= G(1)
-3. 𝟒
G(-1) b. ¿
𝟐 𝟎
Solution: ¿
𝟎 G is not defined also for x =
The denominator cannot 1; since the denominator is
be 0; Therefore, G is not equal to 0
defined for x = -1
 1. 3.
¿ 2 ¿¿ 3 ¿
( 9 ) − 9 + 3 ¿ 3 ( 𝑥 2 +2 𝑥+1 ) +2 𝑥 +2 −3
𝟏𝟐 2
¿ 3 𝑥 +6 𝑥+ 3+2 𝑥+ 2− 3
𝟐
¿ 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟖 𝒙 − 𝟐
2. 5.
4.
√3 (9 )− 2 ¿ 5 ¿
√ 27 − ¿
¿ 2 2 ¿
¿ 5 ( 9 ) − 12+ 2
√ 25
¿
¿2
𝟓
1
+
3
( 4 ) 2
¿ 45 − 12 +2
− 2
¿ 𝟑𝟓
1 3
¿ + −2
2 2
4 ¿ 2 −2
¿ − 2
2
¿ 𝟎