0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views21 pages

Memory

Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information, divided into three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Sensory memory captures brief sensory information, STM holds meaningful information for a short duration, and LTM stores information more permanently. Memory can be affected by factors such as rehearsal, interference, and dysfunctions like Alzheimer's disease and amnesia.

Uploaded by

rakib.ahmed12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views21 pages

Memory

Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information, divided into three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Sensory memory captures brief sensory information, STM holds meaningful information for a short duration, and LTM stores information more permanently. Memory can be affected by factors such as rehearsal, interference, and dysfunctions like Alzheimer's disease and amnesia.

Uploaded by

rakib.ahmed12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Memory

Fahria Karim
Lecturer
NSU
What is Memory?

• Memory is the process by


which we encode, store,
and retrieve information

• Each of the three parts of


the definition: encoding,
storage, and retrieval
represents a different
process

• This can be thought similar


as a computer
The Three System • According to this approach that dominated memory
research for several decades, there are three
Approach of different memory storage systems or stages through
which information must travel if it is to be
Memory remembered

• Although new theories have been augmented,


historically, this approach has been extremely
influential
• The three-system memory theory
proposes the existence of three separate
memory stores:
• Sensory memory refers to the initial,
momentary storage of info. that lasts only
an instant. An exact replica of a stimulus
recorded by a person’s sensory system is
Cont. stored very briefly
• Short-term memory holds info. For 15 to
25 seconds and stores it according to its
meaning rather than as merely sensory
stimulation
• In the Long-term memory, info. Is stored
on a relatively permanent basis, although
sometimes it may be difficult to retrieve
• The first repository of info that the world
presents us
• There are several types of sensory
memories, each related to a different
source of sensory info

Sensory • For example: Iconic memory reflects info


from the visual system, Echoic memory
Memory stores auditory info coming from the ears
• Sensory memory stores info for a very
short time. If info does not pass into short-
term memory, it is lost for good
• For instance, iconic memory typically lasts
less than a second and echoic memory
typically fades within 2 or 3 seconds
• Psychologist George Sperling (1960)
demonstrated the existence of sensory
memory in a series of clever and now-
classic studies

Cont. • In sum, sensory memory operates as a kind


of snapshot that stores info which may be
a visual, auditory, or other sensory nature.
But it is continuously destroyed and
replaced with new ones unless the info in
the snapshot is transferred to some other
type of memory
• As the info is stored briefly in the
sensory memory, they are not
meaningful to us. To make sense of it
and possibly retain it, the info must be
transferred to the next stage: Short-
term memory
Short-Term
Memory • Short-term memory is the memory
store where the info first has a
(STM) meaning, although the maximum
length of retention there is relatively
short

• The specific process by which sensory


memories are transformed into STM is
not clear
Cont.

• The specific amount of info that can be held in STM has been identified as
seven items or ‘Chunks’
• A chunk is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit in STM
• Example?

5654890
BTVFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC
Cont.
• BTV FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC

• In this case, even though there are 21


letters, you may be able to store it into
STM since they represents only seven
chunks
Cont.
• The chunks in STM do not last very long

• Example of dialing a new phone number

• In sum, most psychologists believe that


info in STM is lost after 15-25 seconds
unless it is transferred to the Long-term
memory (LTM)
Think-Pair-Share

• How do you memorize things?


• The transfer of info from STM to LTM proceeds
largely on the basis of rehearsal, the repetition of
info that has entered STM

• It accomplishes two things: 1. As long as the info is


repeated, it’s maintained in STM, 2. The info is
Rehearsal transferred to LTM

• Whether the transfer is made from STM to LTM


seems to depend largely on the kind of rehearsal
that is carried out. Example?

• Simple repetition vs Elaborative rehearsal


• It is a memory system that holds info
temporarily while actively manipulating and
rehearsing that info

• This is similar to STM because both forms do


not hold on attention for very long
Working
• However, they are distinct because working
Memory memory retains and uses while STM simply
retains

• STM is a part of working memory so they are


not the same thing

• Example of doing an arithmetic


• Material that makes its way from STM to LTM enters a
storehouse of almost unlimited capacity. We retrieve it
when we need it

• Evidence of the existence of LTM comes from a number


of sources

Long-Term • For example, people with certain kind of brain damage

Memory
have no lasting recall of new info received after the
damage, although people and events stored in memory
before the injury remain intact
(LTM) • The info that was encoded and stored before injury can
be recalled because of LTM, and STM after the injury
appears to be operational because new materials can
be recalled for a very brief period

• From this, we can see that there are two distinct types
of memory-one for short-term and one for long-term
storage
Long-Term
Memory Modules

• Several different components


or memory modules have
been found

• A real-life conversation with


a student
• Levels of processing: The theory of memory
Recalling that emphasizes the degree to which new
Long-term material is mentally analyzed. According to
the approach, the deeper the initial level of
Memories processing of specific info, the longer the
info will be retained. Example?
• Explicit memory refers to intentional or
conscious recollection of info. For example,
when we try to remember a name or date,
we have learned previously

Explicit, • Implicit memory refers to memories of


which people are not consciously aware but
Implicit, and that can affect subsequent performance and
Flashbulb behavior. For example, skills that we operate
automatically without thinking such as
Memories jumping out of the path of car coming
toward us as we walk

• Flashbulb memories are memories related


to a specific, important, or surprising event
that are so vivid they represent a virtual
snapshot of the event. Example?
• Decay: The loss of info in memory through
its non-use

Forgetting: • Interference: The phenomenon by which,


info in memory disrupts the recall of other
Why We info
Forget?
• Cue-dependent forgetting: It occurs when
there are insufficient retrieval cues to
rekindle info that is in memory
• In proactive interference, info learned
earlier disrupts the recall of newer material

Proactive • In retroactive interference, info that was


learned later disrupts the retrieval of info
and
Retroactive • Suppose as a student of foreign languages,
you first learned French in the 10th grade
Interference and then in 11th grade you learned Spanish
: The Before
• You may find you have difficulty in recalling
and After a Spanish translation of a word because all
Forgetting you think is its French equivalent- Proactive

• Or, you have difficulty on a French subject


achievement test because of your more
recent exposure to Spanish- Retroactive
• Memory loss creeps up on its victims!

• Alzheimer’s disease: A progressive brain disorder


that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in
cognitive abilities
Memory • Amnesia: Memory loss that occurs without other
Dysfunction mental difficulties

s: Afflictions • Retrograde amnesia: Amnesia in which memory is


of lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but
not for new events
Forgetting • Anterograde amnesia: Amnesia in which memory
is lost for events that follow an injury

• Korsakoff’s syndrome: A disease that afflicts long-


term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but
including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat
The
End.

You might also like