Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Artificial Intelligent
Introduction

Prof (Dr.) Shailendra Narayan Singh

Department of Computer Science & Engineering
ASET, Amity University, Noida
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Topic Cover
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence.
• Applications- Games
• Theorem proving
• Natural language processing
• Vision and speech processing
• Robotics
• Expert systems.
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Learning Objectives
• To focus on general AI techniques that have
been useful in many applications

• To introduce the basic principles and

applications of Artificial Intelligence

• To develop a basic understanding of the

building blocks of AI

• To give the fundamental knowledge to

understand what the AI is
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Introduction
According to John McCarthy, who is known as the
father of AI,
“AI is the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially computer
programs.”

“A system's ability to correctly interpret external

data, to learn from such data, and to use those
learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through
flexible adaptation.“
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Artificial Intelligence
History
• Up-to early 80’s: Creation of expert systems
(systems specialized for one particular task
based on experts’ knowledge), wide industry
adoption
Modern AI
• Towards more scientific, formal/mathematical
• Divided into many subareas interested in
particular aspects
• More directly connected to theoretical
computer science, statistics, operations
research, biology, economics, psychology,
neuroscience etc
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What is AI
• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of
intelligence in an artificial device. The term was coined
by McCarthy in 1956.
• There are two ideas in the definition.
1. Intelligence
2. Artificial device
• What is intelligence?
• Is it that which characterize humans? Or is there an
absolute standard of judgement? – Accordingly there are
two possibilities:
• A system with intelligence is expected to behave as
intelligently as a human .
• A system with intelligence is expected to behave in the
best possible manner
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What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence is a property of mind
that included many related mental
abilities, such as the capabilities to
• reason
• plan
• solve problems
• think abstractly
• comprehend ideas and language
and learn
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Concept of AI
• Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make
computers do things which, at the moment, people do
better”
• This definition is of course somewhat temporary
because of its reference to the current state of computer
science. And it fails to include some areas of potentially
large impact, namely problems that cannot now be
solved well by either computers or people. But it
provides a good outline of what constitutes artificial
intelligence and it avoids the philosophical issues that
determines attempts to define the meaning of either
artificial or intelligence.
• “Also we can say AI is the study of techniques for
solving the exponentially hard problem in polynomial
time by exploiting knowledge about the problem
domain”.
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Theorem proving
• Theorem proving has the property that people who do them well are considered to
be displaying intelligence.
• The Logic Theorist was an early attempt to prove mathematical theorems.
• There are three types of problems in A.I.
• Ignorable problems, in which solution steps can be ignored
• Recoverable problems in which solution steps can be undone
• Irrecoverable in which solution steps cannot be undone.
• Theorem proving falls into the first category i.e. it is ignorable suppose we are
trying to solve a theorem, we proceed by first proving a lemma that we think will
be useful. Eventually we realize that the lemma is not help at all. In this case we
can simply ignore that lemma, and can start from beginning.
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Some task domain of AI

• Mundane Tasks
Perception
• Vision
• Speech
Natural Language
• Understanding
• Generation
• Translation
Commonsense Reasoning
Robot control
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Some task domain of AI
• Formal Tasks
Games
• Chess
• Backgammon
• Checkers
• Go
Mathematics
• Geometry
• Logic
• Integral Calculus
• Proving properties of
programs.
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Some task domain of AI(Cont..)

• Expert Task
Engineering
• Design
• Fault finding
• Manufacturing Planning
Scientific Analysis
Medical Diagnosis
Financial Analysis
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Types of Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial Intelligence can be

divided in various types
• There are mainly two types of
main categorization which are
based on capabilities and based
on functionally of AI.
• Following is flow diagram which
explain the types of AI.
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AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

• Weak AI or Narrow AI:
Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a
dedicated task with intelligence. The most common
and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world
of Artificial Intelligence.
• General AI:
General AI is a type of intelligence which could
perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human.
• Super AI:
Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at
which machines could surpass human intelligence,
and can perform any task better than human with
cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
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Types of Artificial Intelligence

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The Underlying Assumption:

• There is good question about intelligence is what
are our underlying assumptions.
• The research in AI produces a physical symbol
system hypothesis for underlying assumption.
• A physical symbol system consists of a set of
entities called symbol. Which are physical patterns
that can occur as components of other type of entity
called an expression or symbol structure?
• A symbol structure composed of a number of
instances of symbol related in some physical way.
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The Underlying Assumption(Cont..)

• At any instant of time the system will contain a
collection of these symbol structures. Besides the
structure the system also contains a collection of
processes of that operate on expression to produce
expression: processes of creation, modification,
reproduction and destruction.
• Computer provides the perfect medium for this
experiment since they can be programmed to
simulate any physical symbol system.
• The importance of the physical symbol system
hypothesis is twofold. It is a significant theory of
the nature of human intelligence and so is of great
interest to psychologists.
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AI Techniques
There are three important AI Techniques. They are:

• Search: This technique provides a way of solving

problems for no more direct approach is available as
well as a framework into which any direct techniques
that are can be embedded.
• Use of Knowledge: This technique provides a way of
solving complex problem by exploiting the structures
of the object that are involved.
• Abstraction: This techniques provides a way of
separating important features and variations from the
many unimportant ones that would otherwise
overwhelm any process.
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AI Techniques Cont..

AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should be

represented in following manner.
• The knowledge captures generalizations.
It is not necessary to represent separately each individual situation. Instead
situation that share important role or properties are grouped together. If
knowledge does not have this property, inordinate amount of memory
and updating will be required.
• It can be understood by people who must provide it.
• It can easily be modified to correct errors and to reflect changes in the
world and our world view.
• It can be used in a great many situations even if it is not totally accurate.
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The Level of Model

To build programs that perform tasks the way people do
can be divided into two classes.
• Programs in first class attempt to solve problems that
do not really fit our definition of an AI task. They are
problems that computer could easily solve, although
that easy solution would exploit mechanisms that do
not seem to be available to people. These programs
can, however be useful tools for psychologists who
want to test theories of human performance.
• The second class of programs that performs that
attempt to model human performance are those that do
things that fall more clearly within our definition of AI
task. They do things that are not trivial for the
computer.
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The Level of Model (cont..)

The following reason on the human performance.

• To test psychological theories of human performance.

• To enable computer to understand human reasoning.

• To enable people to understand computer reasoning.

• To exploit that knowledge, we can glean from people. Since people are
the best known performance of most of the tasks with which we are
dealing, it makes a lot of sense to look to them for clues as to how to
produce.
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Criteria for Success

• The criteria for success How will we know if we have constructed a
machine that is intelligent. Whether a machine has intelligence or can
think is too nebulous answer precisely.
• But it is often possible to construct a computer program that meets some
performance standard on a particular task. That does not mean that the
program does the task in the best possible way.
• It means only that we understand at least one way of doing at least one
task. When we set out to design an AI program. We should attempt to
specify as well as possible the criteria for success for that particular
program functioning in its restricted domain. For the moment that is the
best we can do.
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The Turing Test

Turing proposed operational test for intelligent
behavior in 1950.

Human
Human ?
Interrogator
AI system
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Turing Test (Cont..)

It is a method for determining whether a
machine can think.
• To construct this test we need two
people and the machine. One person
plays the role of interrogator.
• The interrogator will be in the separate
room from the computer and the other
person.
• The interrogator can ask the question of
either the person or the computer by
typing them.
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Turing Test (Cont..)
we need four steps:
• Define the problem precisely. In this we
determine the initial and final situation of
the problem.
• Analyze the problem.
• Isolate and represent the task knowledge
that is necessary to solve the problem.
• Choose the best problem solving
technique and apply it to the particular
problem.