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Rejection Region and Type I and Type II Error

The document explains the concepts of rejection and non-rejection regions in hypothesis testing, including critical values and the distinction between one-tailed and two-tailed tests. It provides examples of hypothesis testing scenarios, including the analysis of social media usage among friends and the implications of Type I and Type II errors. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding the consequences of errors in decision-making within statistical testing.

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27 views33 pages

Rejection Region and Type I and Type II Error

The document explains the concepts of rejection and non-rejection regions in hypothesis testing, including critical values and the distinction between one-tailed and two-tailed tests. It provides examples of hypothesis testing scenarios, including the analysis of social media usage among friends and the implications of Type I and Type II errors. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding the consequences of errors in decision-making within statistical testing.

Uploaded by

medeznicole07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ILLUSTRATIN

G THE
REJECTION
rejection region
- also known as critical region is the set of all
values of the test statistic that causes us to reject
the null hypothesis.
non - rejection region (or
-acceptance region)
is the set of all values of the test statistic that
causes us to fail to reject the null hypothesis.

critical value
- is a point (boundary) on the test distribution that is
compared to the test statistic to determine if the null
hypothesis would be rejected.
For one-tailed test or directional test
the critical region is at the left side
of the acceptance region
For one-tailed test or directional test
>, the critical region is at the right
side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional
test ≠, the critical region is at the
left and right sides of the acceptance
now region.
Examples:
According to a survey, the average daily
usage of social media worldwide of global
internet users amounts to 142 minutes per
day. Sofia conducts her own survey among
her 10 friends to find out if their time
spent on social media is significantly
higher than the global survey.
According to a survey, the average daily usage of social
media worldwide of global internet users amounts to 142
minutes per day. Sofia conducts her own survey among her
10 friends to find out if their time spent on social media is
significantly higher than the global survey.

Before her survey, she formulated the following


claims:
Claim A: The average daily usage of social media of
her friends is the same as the global average usage.
Claim B: The average daily usage of social media of
her friends is higher than the global average usage.
Examples:
The school record claim that the mean score in Math of
the incoming Grade 11 students is 81. The teacher
wishes to find out if the claim is true. She tests is there
is significant difference between the batch mean score
and the mean score of students in her class.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis in words
Ho: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students
is 81.
Ha: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students
is not 81.

Null and Alternative Hypothesis in symbol


Ho: μ = 81
Friends Name Minutes per Day Spent
Allen 132
Bryan 148
Ellen 165
Mitch 157
Angel 120
Kyla 144
Anna 136
Jonathan 160
Ken 185
James 173
According to a survey, the average daily usage of social media
worldwide of global internet users amounts to 142 minutes per
day. Sofia conducts her own survey among her 10 friends to find
out if their time spent on social media is significantly higher than
the global survey.
Given:
μ= 142 n= 10
x̄= 152 s= 19.855
t= ?
t = 1.593
determine the critical value. Use df = n -
1 = 9, one-tailed test at 5% level of
significance.

LET USE THE T-


DISTRIBUTIONTABLE !
According to a survey, the average daily usage of social
media worldwide of global internet users amounts to
142 minutes per day. Sofia conducts her own survey
among her 10 friends to find out if their time spent on
social media is significantly higher than the global
survey.

The computed t -value is


1.593. The critical t-value is
1.833.

let’s graph!
Ho: The average daily
usage of her friends is The
We fail to
the same as the global computed t-
reject the
usage. value is at null
Ha: The average daily
usage of her friends is the non - hypothesis,
higher than the global rejection Ho
usage. region.
The computed value is less than the critical
value.
Example:
A medical trial is conducted to test
whether a certain drug reduces
cholesterol level. Upon trial, the
computed z-value of 2.715 lies in the
rejection area.

Let’s graph!
Ho: The certain drug is The certain
effective in reducing drug is not We reject
cholesterol level by effective in the null
60%. reducing hypothesis,
Ha: The certain drug is
not effective in cholesterol Ho in favor
reducing cholesterol of Ha.
level by 60%.
level by 60%.
Example:
Sketch the rejection region of the
test hypothesis with critical values
of +1.753 and determine if the
computed t-value of -1.52 lies in
that region.

let’s graph!
Example:
Sketch the rejection region of the
test hypothesis with critical values
of +1.753 and determine if the
computed t-value of -1.52 lies in
that region.
The computed t-value is at the non-
rejection region. Therefore, we fail to
reject the null hypothesis, Ho .
TYPE I and
TYPE II ERRORS
• Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called
a Type I error with probability denoted by alpha (a).
In hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows
the critical region is called the alpha region.
• Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is
called a Type Il error with probability denoted by
beta (β). In hypothesis testing, the normal curve that
shows the acceptance region is called the beta
region.
• The larger the value of alpha, the smaller is the value
of beta.
• If the null hypothesis is true and accepted,
or if it is false and rejected, the decision is
correct.
• If the null hypothesis is true and rejected,
the decision is incorrect, and this is Type I
error.
• If the null hypothesis is false and
accepted, the decision is incorrect, and
this is a Type II error.
Null Hypothesis,
Ho
Failed to Reject Ho Reject Ho
Correct Decision Type I Error
TRUE -Failed to reject Ho -Reject Ho
when it is TRUE. when it is
Type II Error TRUE
Correct
FALSE -Failed to reject Ho Decision
when it is FALSE. -Rejected Ho
when it is
False.
Example 1: Maria insists that she is 30 years old when,
in fact she is 32 years old. What error is Mary
committing? Type I error

Example 2: Stephen says that he is not bald. His


hairline is just receding. Is he Type I error committing
and error? If so, what type of error? Type I error

Example 3: A man plans to go hunting the Philippine


monkey - eating eagle believing that it is a proof of his
mettle. What type of error is this? Type Il error
Example:
Analyze the possibilities of Sofia's conclusion.
Identify if it is a Type I Error, Type Il Error, or a
Correct Decision. If Sofia finds out that her null
hypothesis is ....

1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits


a _______
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits
a_________
3. false and she fails to reject it, then she
Example:
Analyze the possibilities of Sofia's conclusion.
Identify if it is a Type I Error, Type Il Error, or a
Correct Decision. If Sofia finds out that her null
hypothesis is ....

1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits


a Correct Decision
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits
a_________
3. false and she fails to reject it, then she
Example:
Analyze the possibilities of Sofia's conclusion.
Identify if it is a Type I Error, Type Il Error, or a
Correct Decision. If Sofia finds out that her null
hypothesis is ....

1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits


a Correct Decision
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits a
Type I Error
3. false and she fails to reject it, then she
Example:
Analyze the possibilities of Sofia's conclusion.
Identify if it is a Type I Error, Type Il Error, or a
Correct Decision. If Sofia finds out that her null
hypothesis is ....

1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits


a Correct Decision
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits a
Type I Error
3. false and she fails to reject it, then she
commits a
Example:
Analyze the possibilities of Sofia's conclusion. Identify if
it is a Type I Error, Type Il Error, or a Correct Decision. If
Sofia finds out that her null hypothesis is ....

1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits a


Correct Decision
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits a Type I Error
3. false and she fails to reject it, then she commits a
Type II Error
4. false and she rejects it, then she commits a Correct
Decision
Let’s
Practice!
A. Illustrate the rejection region given the critical
value and identify if the t-values lie in the
acceptance region or rejection region.

1. critical t-value of 1.318 computed t-value of 1.1.


The computed t-value is at the ________ region.
2. critical t-value of -1.671 computed t-value of -
2.45. The computed t-value is at the__________
region.
3. critical t-value of 1.725 computed t-value of
2.14. The computed t-value is at the________region.
1. A quality control expert wants to test the null hypothesis
that an imported solar panel is an effective source of energy.
What would be the consequence of a Type I error in this
context?

A. They do not conclude that the solar panel is effective


when it is not actually effective.
B. They do not conclude that the solar panel is effective
when it is actually effective.
C. They conclude that the solar panel is effective when it is
actually effective.
D. They conclude that the solar panel is effective when it is
not actually effective.
2. What would be the consequence of a Type Il error in this
context?

A. They do not conclude that the solar panel is effective


when it is not actually effective.
B. They do not conclude that the solar panel is effective
when it is actually effective.
C. They conclude that the solar panel is effective when it is
actually effective.
D. They conclude that the solar panel is effective when it is
not actually effective.
Doubt is an uncomfortable
condition, but certainty is a
ridiculous one."
– Voltaire In hypothesis testing, we
never prove something with
absolute certainty; we only gather
enough evidence to support or
reject a claim.

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