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Hypothesis Formulation and Testing

The document outlines the process of hypothesis formulation and testing in research methodology, including definitions of null and alternative hypotheses. It details the steps involved in hypothesis testing, types of statistical tests such as Z-test and t-test, and the significance of errors in decision making. Additionally, it highlights the applications of hypothesis testing across various fields and concludes with its importance in data-driven decision-making.

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7 views15 pages

Hypothesis Formulation and Testing

The document outlines the process of hypothesis formulation and testing in research methodology, including definitions of null and alternative hypotheses. It details the steps involved in hypothesis testing, types of statistical tests such as Z-test and t-test, and the significance of errors in decision making. Additionally, it highlights the applications of hypothesis testing across various fields and concludes with its importance in data-driven decision-making.

Uploaded by

vikvikash27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis Formulation and

Testing
Research Methodology Seminar
Presented by: [Your Name]
Date: [Presentation Date]
Introduction to Hypothesis
• • A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the
relationship between variables.
• • It serves as the foundation for statistical
analysis in research.
Null and Alternative Hypothesis
• • Null Hypothesis (H₀): No effect, no
difference, or status quo.
• Example: 'There is no difference in exam
scores between online and offline students.'
• • Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Ha): Indicates a
difference or effect.
• Example: 'Online students perform better
than offline students.'
Important Terms in Hypothesis
Testing
• • Population & Sample
• • Parameter & Statistic
• • Significance Level (α)
• • P-value
• • Test Statistic
Types of Research Hypotheses
• • Simple Hypothesis
• • Complex Hypothesis
• • Directional Hypothesis
• • Non-directional Hypothesis
• • Null Hypothesis
• • Alternative Hypothesis
• • Statistical Hypothesis
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
• 1. Define H₀ and H₁
• 2. Choose a significance level (α)
• 3. Select an appropriate statistical test
• 4. Calculate the test statistic
• 5. Compare with the critical value or p-value
• 6. Make a decision
• 7. Interpret the results
Z-Test
• • Used when sample size n > 30
• • Tests whether a sample mean differs from a
population mean
• • Formula: Z = (X̄ - μ) / (σ / √n)
t-Test
• • Used when sample size n < 30 and
population standard deviation is unknown
• • Types:
• - One-sample t-test
• - Two-sample t-test
• • Formula: t = (X̄ - μ) / (s / √n)
F-Test
• • Compares the variances of two populations
• • Used in ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
• • Formula: F = S₁² / S₂²
Types of Errors in Decision Making
• • Type I Error (α): Rejecting H₀ when it is true
(False Positive)
• • Type II Error (β): Failing to reject H₀ when it
is false (False Negative)
ROC (Receiver Operating
Characteristic) Curve
• • A graphical representation of classification
model performance
• • X-axis: False Positive Rate (FPR)
• • Y-axis: True Positive Rate (TPR)
• • AUC (Area Under Curve) measures overall
performance
Applications of Hypothesis Testing
• • Business: Market research, product testing
• • Healthcare: Drug trials, treatment efficacy
• • Engineering: Quality control
• • Education: Comparing teaching methods
Audience Q&A - Possible Questions
• 1. What is the difference between Type I and
Type II errors?
• 2. When should we use a Z-test instead of a t-
test?
• 3. How do we decide the significance level
(α)?
• 4. What is the importance of p-value in
hypothesis testing?
• 5. Can you explain the real-world applications
of hypothesis testing?
Conclusion
• • Hypothesis testing is a critical research tool
• • It helps in making data-driven decisions
• • Understanding statistical tests improves
research accuracy
Thank You!
• • Questions?
• • Contact: [Your Email]

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