UNIT - 3

COMPUTER NETWORKING
Computer Network
.

A computer network is a collection of

interconnected computers and other devices which
are able to communicate with each other and share
hardware and software resources.
Advantages or Benefits of networking:
.

* Resource Sharing (Hardware & Software)

Resource Sharing means to make all programs,
data and peripherals available to anyone on the network
irrespective of the physical location of the resources and the
user.

* Cost saving
Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the
resources can be shared.

* Reliability
Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more
different machines, so if one of them is unavailable (due to some
hardware crash or any other) then its other copy can be used.
Advantages or Benefits of networking:
.

* Collaborative user interaction

* Time saving

* Increased storage

* Security
Application of Computer Networks
1. Sharing of data, services and resources
2. Access to remote database
3. Communicati on faciliti es

Elementary Terminology of Networks

1. Nodes (Workstations):-
The term nodes refer to the computers that are attached to a
network and are seeking to share the resources.

2. Server:-
A computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software
and hardware resources on the network.
Components of a Network
 Sender:
A device or a computer that sends the data.
 Receiver:
A device or a computer that receives the data.
 Message:
Message is the information to be communicated. It may be text,
images, audio or video.
 Medium:
A transmission medium is a physical path through which the data
flows from sender to receiver. A cable or wire or radio waves can be
the medium.
 Protocol:
A set of rules that governs data transmission. It represents the
communication methods which to be followed by the sending and
receiving devices.
Types of Computer Networks
.

A computer network may be small or big as per

number of computers and other network devices
linked together.
Thus, networks vary in size, complexity and
geographical area spread.

On the basis of geographical spread, network may

be classified as-

-> PAN (Personal Area

Network)
-> LAN (Local Area Network)
-> MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network)
PAN (Personal Area Network) :

The PANs are small network, used to establish

communication between computer and other hand-held
devices in small proximity up to 10 meters using wired
USB connectivity or wireless system like Bluetooth or
Infrared.

PANs are used to connect computers, laptops,

Mobiles and other IT-enabled devices to each others.
LAN (Local Area Network):
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is limited to a relatively
small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as writing
lab, school or building.

It is generally privately owned networks over a distance not more

than 5 Km. The computer systems are linked with wire/cables or
wireless (Wi-Fi) system.

The key purpose of LAN is

sharing the resources.
e.g.
network in a college, school,
hospital etc.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

A large computer network that usually spans a city or a

large campus. MAN usually interconnects a number of
LANs.

It also shares the computing resources among users.

It can cover a group of nearby corporate offices or a city

and might be either private or public.
.E.g. Cable TV Network in a city
WAN (Wide Area Network):

This type of network spreads over large geographical

area across countries and continents through cabling or
satellite uplinks are called WAN.
E.g. Internet.

WANs are generally used to interconnect several other

types of networks such as LANs, MANs etc.
It facilitates fast and efficient exchange of information at
high speed and low cost.
Advantages or Benefits of net
Networking Devices

Networking devices are equipments that allow to

receive or transmit data or signal and used to make
communication channel.

Some common Networking devices are-

 Network Interface Card (NIC)/ LAN Card

 Hub
 Switch
 Repeater
 Router
 Gateway
 Bridge
 Modem
An NIC (Network Interface Card) is a device that
enables a computer to connect to a network and
communicate.

Any computer which has to be a part of a computer

network must have an NIC installed in it.

Each LAN card posses a unique 6 Byte Physical address

assigned by the manufacturer, called Media Access
Control (MAC) Address. This address identifies a node
uniquely over the network.
A Hub is an electronic device that connects
several nodes to form a network and redirects
the received information to all the connected
nodes in broadcast mode.

The computer(s) for which the information is

intended receive(s) this information and
accept(s) it. Other computers on the network
simply reject this information.
Types of Hub

 Active Hub:
Amplifies the signal when required and works as a
Repeater.
It amplifies the incoming signal before passing it to
the other ports.

 Passive Hub:
It simply passes the signal without any change.
This type of does not amplify or boost the signal.
A Switch is an intelligent device that connects
several nodes to form a network and redirects
the received information only to the intended
node(s).

Switch is faster and efficient over Hub due

to good traffic management capability.
A Repeater is a device that is used to
regenerate a signal which is on its way
through a communication channel.

A repeater regenerates the received signal

and re-transmits it to its destination.
Router :-

A router is a network device that can receive the

data, analyse it and transmit it to other networks. A
router connects a local area network to the internet.
Compared to a hub or a switch, a router has
advanced capabilities as it can analyse the data
being carried over a network, decide or alter how it
is packaged, and send it to another network of a
different type.

It forwards data packets from one network to another

by finding the shortest route, based on an internal
routing table and the address of the destination
network in the incoming packet, the router
determines whether to send the packet out or keep it
within the network.
A Gateway is a device, which is used to connect
different types of networks (dissimilar networks)
and perform the necessary translation so that the
connected networks can communicate properly.

Gateway is also called protocol converter that

convert data packets from one protocol to other
and connects two dissimilar networks.
Modem :-

A modem (modulator/demodulator) is a hardware

device that allows a computer to send and receive
information over telephone lines.

When sending a signal, the modem converts

(modulates) digital data to an analog signal and transmit
it over a telephone line. Similarly when an analog signal
is received, the modem converts it back (demodulates)
to a digital signal.
Network Topology

A Node is a device, which is directly connected to a

computer network. It can be a computer or any
other device like printer, scanner etc.

The way in which the computers/devices are

physically interconnected to form a network is
called a Topology.
The selection of topology for a network depends on
the following factors-

Cost:- It includes cable/media cost and installation

cost depends on the distance between nodes.

Flexibility:- Arrangement of furniture and walls in

the building may affect the selection of topology and
media.

Reliability:- Fault detection during Network failure

also affects the selection of topology.
Bus Topology

In bus topology all the nodes are connected to a main

cable called backbone cable.
The starting and ending point of cable is called
terminator

If any node has to send some information to any other

node, it sends the signal to the backbone.
The signal travels through the entire length of the
backbone and is received by the node for which it is
intended
Characteristics of Bus topology:

* It is easy to install since node may be

connected at any point on linear path.
* It requires less cable length and hence it is cost
effective.
* Failure of a node does not affect the network.
* In case of cable (backbone) or terminator fault,
the entire network breaks down.
* Fault diagnosis is difficult as there is no
centralized control..
* At a time only one node can transmit data.
ADVANTAGES

*It is easy to install.

*It requires less cable length and hence it is cost
effective.
*Failure of a node does not affect the network.

DISADVANTAGES

* In case of cable or terminator fault, the entire

network breaks down.
* Not suitable for large number of computers.
* At a time only one node can transmit data.
Star Topology

In star topology each node is directly connected to

a hub/switch.

If any node has to send some information to any

other node, it sends the signal to the
hub/switch.

This signal is then broadcast (in case of a hub) to

all the nodes but is accepted by the intended
node(s).
In the case of a switch the signal is sent only to the
Characteristics of Star topology:

* It is more efficient topology as compared to

bus topology.
* It is easy to install
* It is easy to diagnose the fault in Star topology.
* It is easy to expand depending on the
specifications of central hub/switch
* Failure of hub/switch leads to failure of entire
network
* It requires more cable length as compared to
bus topology.
Advantages:

* Easy to troubleshoot
* A single node failure does not affect the entire network.
* Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier.
* In case a workstation fails, the network is not affected.

Disadvantages:-

* Difficult to expand.
* Longer cable is required.
* Failure of hub/switch leads to failure of entire network
* The cost of the hub and the longer cables makes it
expensive over others.
Tree Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to

it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical
topology.

A Tree topology can also be a combination of bus and

star topologies.

It is used to combine multiple star topology networks.

All the stars are connected together like a bus.
Characteristics of Tree topology:

* It offers easy way of network expansion

* Even if one network (star) fails, the other

networks remain connected and working.
Advantages of Tree Topology

* Extension of bus and star topologies.

* Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
* Easily managed and maintained.
* Error detection is easily done

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

* Heavily cabled.
* Costly.
* If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
* Central hub fails, network fails.
Mesh topology

A mesh topology is a network topology in which

all the network nodes are individually connected
to most of the other nodes.

There is not a concept of a central switch, hub or

computer which acts as a central point of
communication to pass on the messages.

The lack of dependency on one node allows for

every node to participate in the relay of
information
It can be divided into two kinds:

Fully connected mesh topology and,

Partially connected mesh topology

A fully connected mesh topology has all the

nodes connected to every other node.

On the other hand, a partially connected mesh

topology does not have all the nodes
connected to each other.
Mesh topology
Fully connected mesh topology
Advantage of Mesh Topology

* The arrangement of the network nodes is such

that it is possible to transmit data from one node
to many other nodes at the same time.
* Fault is diagnosed easily.

Disadvantage of Mesh Topology

* Installation and configuration are difficult if the

connectivity gets more
* Cabling cost is more and the most in case of a
fully connected mesh topology
* Bulk wiring is required
Ring Topology

A ring network is a network topology in which

each node connects to exactly two other
nodes, forming a single continuous pathway
for signals through each node - a ring.

Data travels from node to node, with each

node along the way handling every packet.

Rings can be unidirectional or bidirectional .

Transmission Media
A transmission medium is a medium of data transfer over a network. It can be
wired or wireless.
Twisted Pair Cable

This is probably the most widely used cable

for creating small computer networks.

It contains four twisted pairs covered in an

outer shield. These pairs are colour coded.
An RJ-45 connecter is used to connect this
cable to a computer.
It is of two types:

* UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

* STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair):
UTP cables individual pairs are not shielded.

Characteristics of UTP cable:

* It is a low-cost cable available for setting up
small networks.
* It is a thin (External diameter app. 0.43cm)
and flexible cable and therefore it offers ease
of installation.
* It can carry data upto a length of 100m at a
stretch.
STP (Shielded Twisted pair):

It is the same cable as the UTP, but with each

pair shielded individually.

An outer shield then covers all the pairs like in

UTP.
Characteristics of STP cable:

* As compared to UTP, STP offers better

immunity against internal and external
electromagnetic interferences.

* It is expensive than UTP cable.

* As compared to UTP cable, STP cable is

difficult to install.
Disadvantages:

* Because of high attenuation, it is

incapable of carrying a signal over long
distance without the use of repeaters.

* Its low bandwidth capabilities make it

unsuitable for broadband applications.

* It supports only low data rates.

Co-axial cable (or coax)

A coaxial cable consists of two conductors that

share a common axis.

The inner conductor is a straight wire and the

outer conductor is a shield that might be
braided or a foil.

The inner core carries the signal, and the shield

provides the ground.
Characteristics of Co-axial cable:

* It can carry data for a larger distance (185m –

500m) at a stretch.
* Bulkier and less flexible than twisted pair.
* Due to its thickness (1cm diameter) and less
flexibility, it is difficult to install as compared to
twisted pair cable.
* Expensive compared to twisted pair cables.
* It is not compatible with twisted pair cables.
*Suitable for Broadband transmission (cable TV) and can
be used in shared cable network.
Optical Fiber cable

Optical Fibers are long, thin strands of glass

about the thickness of a human hair.

They are arranged in bundles called optical

fiber cables
and used to transmit data through light
signals over long distances.
An optical fiber has following parts:

Core - It is the thin glass rod at the center through which the light
travels

Cladding - It is the outer optical material surrounding the core

that reflects the
light back into the core

Buffer coating - It is the plastic coating that protects the cable

from damage
and moisture
 These optical fibers are arranged in
bundles of hundreds and thousands
and are protected by the cable's outer
covering, called jacket.
Characteristics of Optical Fiber Cable:
* It can carry data for a very large distance at a
stretch.
* Specially skilled people are required to install
optical fiber cables.
* Till date it is the most expensive and at the
same time the most efficient cable available
for computer networks.
*Expensive and quite fragile (breakable).
*Complicated Installation procedure and difficult to
join two broken fiber.
*Not suitable for domestic purposes due to high
maintenance cost.
Wireless Media

Electromagnetic waves are used for wireless

communication over computer networks.

Frequencies of waves are measured in Hertz

(Hz).
As the frequencies of electromagnetic
waves change, their properties also change.
Based on their frequencies, electromagnetic
waves are categorized into various categories.
Radio Waves

Radio waves have a frequency range of 3 KHz to

3GHz.
Radio waves are used for communication over
distances ranging from a few meters (in walkie-
talkies) upto covering an entire city.

These waves are easy to generate, can travel

long distances and can penetrate buildings easily.
That's why they are widely used for
communication, both indoors and outdoors.
Characteristics of Radio Wave Transmission:

* These waves are omni-directional, so the

transmitting and receiving antennas need not be
aligned.
* Relatively inexpensive than wired media.
* It offers ease of communication over difficult
terrain
* The transmission can be interfered by motors or
other electrical equipment
* Permission from concerned authorities is required
for use of radio wave transmission
* Less secure mode of transmission
Micro Waves
Micro waves have a frequency range of 300MHz to
300 GHz.
Microwaves travel in straight lines and cannot
penetrate any solid object.
Therefore for long distance microwave
communication, high towers are built and
microwave antennas are put on their tops.

These waves travel in straight lines and

therefore the sending and receiving antennas have
to be aligned with each other.
Characteristics of Micro Wave Transmission:

* Free from land acquisition rights

* Relatively inexpensive than wired media
* Offers ease of communication over difficult
terrain
* The transmission is in straight lines so the
transmitting and receiving antennas
need to be properly aligned ( line of sight
transmission)
Infrared Waves

Infrared waves have a frequency range of 300 GHz to 400

THz.

These waves are used for short range communication

(approx. 5m) in a variety of wireless communications.

These waves are easy to build but have a major

drawback- they do not pass through solid
objects.

Home-entertainment remote-control devices, Cordless

mouse,Intrusion detectors.
Characteristics of Infrared Wave Transmission:

* It is a line of sight transmission; therefore

information passed to one device is not leaked
to another device.
* No government license is required for their use
* It is a line of sight transmission, therefore at a
time only two devices can communicate.
* The waves do not cross any solid object in
between
* Performance drops with longer distances
Bluetooth

Bluetooth technology uses radio waves in the

frequency range of 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz.

This technology is used for short range

communication (approx. 10m).
Slow data transfer rate (upto 1Mbps).

Baby monitors, door openers, and cell

phones are some of the devices that utilize
Bluetooth communication.
Characteristics of Bluetooth
Transmission:

* Line of sight between communicating

devices is not required.

* Bluetooth can connect upto eight devices

simultaneously.

* Slow data transfer rate (upto 1Mbps).

Satellite Link
Satellite links are used for very long distance wireless
communication which may range from intercity to
intercontinental.

Satellite communication uses Microwave (1.5 GHz -

20GHz)as media.

Transmission from the earth to a satellite is known as

uplink.
Transmission from a satellite to the earth is known as
downlink.
Downlink frequency is always lower than the uplink
frequency.
A communications satellite is a relay station
in orbit above the earth that receives,
regenerates, and redirects signals carried on
a specific frequency.

The satellite system is very expensive but its

area coverage and fringe benefits
compensate for the expenses.
Characteristics of Transmission using
satellite link:

* Satellites cover large area of earth.

* Since communication over very long
distances is possible, this becomes a
commercially attractive option.
* This system is expensive.
* Requires legal permissions.
Introduction to Internet
.

Internet is network of networks ,an example of wide

area network(WAN).
Means Internet is a global network of billions of
computers and other electronic devices.
With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any
information, communicate with anyone else in the world,
and do much more.

The Internet provides a capability so powerful and

general that it can be used for almost any purpose that
depends on information, and it is accessible by every
individual who connects to one of its associated
Networks.
” The Internet emerged in the United States in the
1970s but did not become visible to the general
public until the early 1990s.

By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion people, or

more than half of the world’s population, were
estimated to have access to the Internet”.
How does Internet works
.

Our computer or smartphone may be link to the internet using

phone line/Mobile ISP(Internet Service Provider).
Our computer may be part of LAN.
Then LAN will be connected to ISP using a high speed phone line.
ISP is then connect to larger ISP and the largest ISPs maintain
fiber optic backbones for an entire region.
Backbones around the world are connected through fiber optic
lines, under sea cables or satellite links.
In this manner every computer on internet is connected to every
other computer on internet.
So we can say that it is a kind of WAN ,working with the help of
various networking devices and the protocols(specially TCP/IP) to
forward data from source to destination devices without
constraints of dissimilar devices and architecture.
 Network Protocols

“Network Protocols is a set of rules for

communication which includes rules of
how and when a device can send or receive
the data and how it reaches its destination.”
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol)

It is the basic protocol of the Internet.

Communication between two computers on internet is

done using TCP/IP protocol.

Most commonly used protocol to setup LAN, WAN,

Internet and other similar networks.

TCP/IP is a two-layer protocol.

When data is to be sent from one computer to another
over internet, it is first broken into smaller packets which
are actually sent.
When these packets are received by the receiver
computer, they are assembled into the original
message.

This job of dividing the original message into packets and

re-assembling the
received packets into the original message is done
following TCP protocol.

Internet protocol is followed to ensure that each of these

packets gets to the right destination.
 HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

HTTP is used to transfer web pages and data files

(collectively called resources) from one computer
to another on the world wide web.

When an HTTP client (a browser) sends a request

to an HTTP server (web server) , the
server sends responses back to the client. This
transfer of requests and responses is done
following HTTP protocol.
Identification of computers and users
over a network

For proper communication, the nodes should be

uniquely identifiable.

If a node X sends some

information for node Y on a network, then it is
mandatory that nodes X and Y are uniquely
identifiable on the network.
MAC (Media Access Control) address (Physical Address)

A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique 6 byte

(6 digits for manufacturer code and 6 digits for serial
number) Physical address assigned by the manufacturer
to the NIC for its identification purpose.

MAC address of an NIC never changes.

MAC addresses are 48-bit (6 Byte) hexadecimal numbers

like - MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS or MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS

where first half (MM) shows Manufacturer ID and second

half (SS) shows unique serial number of the card.
For example,
In the following MAC address,
00:A0:C9 : 14:C8:35

The prefix 00:A0:C9 indicates that the

manufacturer is Intel Corporation.

And the last three numbers 14:C8:35 are given

by the manufacturer (Intel in this example) to
this NIC.
IP Address(Internet Protocol)
(Logical Address)
Every machine in a network has another unique
identifying number, called its IP Address.

An IP address is a group of four bytes (or 32 bits) each of

which can be a number
from 0 to 255.

Eg:
59.177.134.72
 IP Address Vs MAC Address

The IP address is assigned by the network administrator

or the internet service provider
while the MAC address is assigned by the manufacturer.

Thus if a computer is transferred from one network to

another, its IP address gets changed where as the MAC
address remains the same.

From the IP address it is usually possible to track the

tentative location of the computer
but this is not the case with a MAC address.
 Domain Name
.

It is a unique name assigned to a website or a web

server.
.

A Domain Name is a name assigned to a server

through Domain Name System (DNS).
.

A Domain Name usually contains two parts :

Top Level or Primary Domain and Sub-Domain
name(s).
.
The complete unique address of the page on a
website is called URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Eg:
http://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.html

Domain names are used in URLs to identify

particular Web servers.

In the URL http://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.htm,

the domain
name is www.cbse.nic.in.
There are only a limited number of top level
domains, and

these are divided into two categories:

Generic Domain Names and

Country-Specific Domain Names.
 Generic Domain Names:

·com - commercial business

·edu - Educational institutions
·gov - Government agencies
·mil - Military
·net - Network organizations
·org - Organizations (nonprofit)
 Country Specific Domain Names:

.in - India
·au - Australia
·ca - Canada
.ch - China
.nz - New Zealand
.pk - Pakistan
.jp - Japan
.us - United States of America
 DOMAIN NAME RESOLUTION
.

Since computers on the network are identified by its IP

addresses,
so it is required to convert a Domain name or URL typed
in the Browser, into its corresponding IP address.
This process is called Domain Name Resolution.

This resolution is done by the designated servers called

DNS servers, provided by the Internet Service Providers
(ISP) like BSNL or MTNL etc.

Domain Name Resolution is the process of getting the

corresponding IP address from a domain name.
Some Internet Applications
WWW/Web
Email
Chat
VoIP
1. WWW /web –

The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the

Web,
is an ocean of information, stored in the form of
trillions of interlinked web pages and web resources.

The resources on the web can be shared or accessed

through the Internet.

The resources of the Web are transferred via the

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and may be
accessed by users by a software application called a web
browser.
WORKING OF WWW =>
Tim Berners-Lee — a British computer scientist invented
World Wide Web in 1990.
The three fundamental technologies that lead to creation
of web:

• HTML — HyperText Markup Language is a language which is

used to design standardised Web Pages so that the Web
contents can be read and understood from any computer
across the globe. It uses tags to define the way page content.

• URI — Uniform Resource Identifier is a unique identifier to

identify a resource located on the web. URI identifies a
resource (hardware or software) either by its location or by its
name or by both.
URL is Uniform Resource Locator and provides the location
and mechanism (protocol) to access the resource.
A URL is the address of a given unique resource on the Web or
address of a website.

Examples of URI
https://www.mhrd.gov.in, http://www.ncert.nic.in etc.

Example of URL
http://www.ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm

The elements in a URL:

Protocol://server's address/filename
Example:
http://www.google.com/index.html
e.g.
http://python.bhpyys.in/syllabus/cs12.pdf
* HTTP — The HyperText Transfer Protocol is a set
of rules which is used to retrieve linked web pages
across the web. It’s more secure and advanced
version is HTTPS.

Web Vs Internet
The Internet is the huge global network of
interconnected computers, which may or may not
have any file or webpage to share with the world.
The web on the other hand is the interlinking of a
collection of Web Pages on these computers which
are accessible over the Internet.
APPLICATIONS OF WWW

 Publishing, Marketing and advertising

 Research and Development
 Communication
 Collaboration
 Industrial classification of the sample companies etc.
 Gaming
2. Email –

Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email

It is one of the ways of sending and receiving message(s)
using the Internet.

An email can be sent anytime to any number of recipients at

anywhere.
It is a fast and efficient way to communicate with friends or
colleagues.

we can communicate with one person at a time or thousands;

we can receive and send files and other information.
Features of email:

1. Creating an email, attaching files with an email, saving an

email as draft for mailing later.
2. Sending and receiving mail. Same email can be sent to
multiple email addresses, simultaneously.
3. Sending the copy of mail, as carbon copy (cc) or blind
carbon copy (bcc).
4. Forwarding a received email to other user(s)
5. Filtering spam emails
6. Creating and managing email ids of the people you know.
7. Setting signature/footer to be inserted automatically
at the end of each email
9. Printing emails using a printer or saving as files.
10. Searching emails using email address or email subject
Basic email functions:
– send and receive mail messages
– save your messages in a file
– print mail messages
– reply to mail messages
– attach a file to a mail message

Email address
someone@mail server
The email address has three parts:
– a user name
– an "at" sign (@)
– the address of the user's mail server
Example
[email protected]

User name mail server

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Email Client
An email client is a computer program used to manage a
user's email.
Popular email clients include Microsoft Outlook, Mozilla's
Thunderbird, and Apple Inc.'s Mail.

Web-based mail
Is an e-mail service intended to be primarily accessed via a
web browser.
Very popular webmail providers:–
Gmail
Yahoo!
Hotmail
Web mail is popular as it allows us to send or receive email
from anywhere.
How Email works –

Email created using email client program -> on press of send button ,
it is delivered to sender’s mail server through SMTP(Simple mail
transfer protocol) -> which further transmit the same through
internet to recipient’s mail server -> whenever recipient’s email
client program’s inbox is opened, that email is delivered to inbox
through POP3 (post office protocols 3 rd version) -> which user will
read in email client program.
3. CHAT :-

Chatting or Instant Messaging (IM) over the Internet

means communicating to people at different geographic
locations in real time through text message(s).

It may refer to any kind of communication over the Internet

that offers a real-time transmission of text messages from
sender to receiver.
Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other
participants to respond quickly.

Chatting software example : MSN Messenger, Yahoo

Messenger etc.
How chatting software works:

For each chat window a session

is created at chat server to send
and receive message among the
clients of common window.

Each session works as a thread

at chat server.
There may be multiple
threads/chat session at chat
server.
4. VoIP :-

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that

allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet
connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.

VoIP services convert your voice into a digital signal that

travels over the Internet.
If you are calling a regular phone number, the signal is
converted to a regular telephone signal before it reaches the
destination.

VoIP can allow you to make a call directly from a computer, a

special VoIP phone, or a traditional phone connected to a
special adapter.
Advantages:
• Less Cost
• Accessibility
• Flexibility
• Voice Quality
• Extra/Less Expensive Features

Disadvantages:
• Reliable Internet Connection Required
• Power Outages/Emergencies
How VoIP Works...

Once you initiate a VoIP call the following three scenarios takes
place:

1. When we make a phone call - our voice signals are converted to

digital packets
2. Those packets travel via the Internet until they reach the final
destination (called party)
3. At last the packets convert back to voice signals
Common examples of VoIP apps:
• Aircall
• Skype
• WhatsApp
• Google Hangouts
• Viber
• Facebook Messenger
Website :-
.

A website (site in short) is a collection of web

pages related through hyperlinks, and saved on
a web server.
A visitor navigates from one page to another by
clicking on hyperlinks.

All the pages of a website are integrated under

one domain name and have a common theme
and template.
Difference between Website and Webpage :-
Working of a website
.

When a user requests the Webpage, the browser employed by the user
requested the server through DNS server and by fetching and
interpreting the requested files, displays it on users screen.
DNS server convert domain name to ip address(unique address) –this
process is known as dns resolution
WEBSITE IMPORTANCE AND USES–
.

The websites are utilized for various purposes like Web

surfing, Email and chatting, Social Networking, Videos,
Online Business, Searching Jobs, News and Information,
Classified Ads, Blogs, Downloads, Online payments, Online
Banking, File sharing, Online games, Viral Marketing without
a Marketing Cost etc.

 BASIC STRUCTURE OF A WEBSITE

Components of a good website:
* Easy navigation
* Secured contents
Some examples of websites
* Proper layout
wikipedia.org, google.com,
* Proper links amazon.com, cbse.nic.in,
Facebook.com , Yahoo.com,
* Effective color scheme
Flipkart.com etc.
* Fast load time
* Mobile friendly
* Font that suits website
* Good quality images with less size
* Consistency of design among all pages
Static web page –
.

Static Web pages are very simple pages written in languages such
as HTML, JavaScript, CSS, etc.

When a server receives a request for a static web page, then

the server sends the response to the client without doing any
additional process.

And these web pages are seen through a web browser as these
were designed.
In static web pages, Pages will remain the same until someone
changes it manually and deploy these on the webserver.
Dynamic web page –
.

Dynamic Web Pages are written in languages such as

JSP,ASP,.NET,PHT etc.

In dynamic web pages, the Content of pages varies as per the

requirement of its visitor.
E.g.
if we login to any web site then our name is displayed similarly if
other person login on the same site his name will be displayed.

It takes more time to load than the static web page.

Dynamic web pages are used where the information is changed

frequently, for example, stock prices, weather information, etc.
Dynamic web page
Web Server –
.

Web server is a computer where the web content

is
stored.
Basically web server is used to host the web sites
and deliver the resources requested through web
browser.

In more technical term it is a program that uses

HTTP for serving files that create web pages for
users in response to their requests that are sent by
the HTTP clients of their computer is called a web
server.
When client sends request for a web page,
the web server search for the requested page
if requested page is found then it will send it to
client with an HTTP response.

If the requested web page is not found, web server

will the send an HTTP response :Error 404 P a g e
Not Found
Functions of a Web Server –
* Stores and secures website data
* Provides web database access
* Serve the end user requests
* Bandwidth controlling to regulate network traffic
* Virtual hosting
Web hosting is an online service that enables you to
publish your website or web application on the Internet.

When you sign up for a hosting service, you basically rent

some space on a server on which you can store all the files
and data necessary for your website to work properly.

A server is a physical computer that runs without any

interruption so that your website is available all the time
for anyone who wants to see it.

It is like the home of our website where it actually lives.

How to host a website?
To host a website, follow the steps given below:
• Select the web hosting service provider that will provide the web
server space as well as related technologies and services such as
database, bandwidth, data backup etc.

• Identify a domain name, which best suits our requirement, and get
it registered through domain name Registrar.

• Once we get web space, create logins with appropriate rights and
note down IP address to manage web space.

• Upload the files in properly organised folders on the allocated

space.
• Get domain name mapped to the IP address of the web server.
Web browser –

A browser, short for web browser, is the software

application that is used to search for, reach and explore
websites.

It is an application used to access and view websites.

The primary function of a web browser is to render
HTML code (the code used to design or "mark up"
webpages).

Common web browsers include Microsoft Internet

Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple
Safari.
Basic Features of a good Web browser –

Speed - A browser should be able to quickly load webpages

including multimedia files, no matter how dynamic the
content. Nowadays images and videos dominate online
platforms which require too much data to be processed.

Simplicity - A browser should have easy and simple user

interface. The user interface shouldn’t take up a lot of screen
space, which would be better used for the content that a
user
is trying to consume.

Security - Browsers should also be very secure, as there are

number of security threats available on internet, which can
lead to serious data breach and leakage
Add-Ons and Plug-ins

Add-ons and plug-ins are the tools that help to extend

and modify the functionality of the browser. Both the
tools boost the performance of the browser, but are
different from each other.

A plug-in is a complete program or may be a third-

party software. For example, Flash and Java are plug-
ins. A Flash player is required to play a video in the
browser. A plug-in is a software that is installed on the
host computer and can be used by the browser for
multiple functionalities and can even be used by other
applications as well.
On the other hand, an add-on is not a complete program and
so is used to add only a particular functionality to the
browser. An add-on is also referred to as extension in some
browsers. Adding the functionality of a sound and graphics
card is an example of an add-on.
Cookies :-

Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s

computer and contains information like which
Webpages visited in the past, logging details
Password etc.

They are designed to hold a modest amount of data

specific to a particular client and website and can be
accessed by the web server or the client computer.
A cookie is a text file, containing a string of
information, which is transferred by the website to the
browser when we browse it. This string of information
gets stored in the form of a text file in the browser. The
information stored is retransmitted to the server to
recognise the user, by identifying pages that were
visited, choices that were made while browsing various
menu(s) on a particular website.