MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/COMPUTER

NETWORKS PRESENTATION
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VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

 To be the preferred choice of students who aspire

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
to become Engineers of the highest calibre.

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MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE
 M1: Provide world-class physical and digital infrastructure
and learning environment.
 M2: Develop the competencies of students to make them
job-ready and entrepreneurs.
 M3: Facilitate mental, physical, emotional and spiritual
development of students and ensure their holistic
development.
 M4: Preserve the environment through the implementation
of eco-friendly and sustainable practices.
 M5: Serve the community through skill development and
other need-based services.
 M6: Establish sustainable partnerships with industries and
R&D laboratories for mutual benefit.

MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS 3
PRESENTATION
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

 To be a leading competency center in Artificial

Intelligence and Data Science, empowering students
with ground breaking knowledge, skills, and ethical
values to drive innovation and solve real-world
problems for the prosperity of society.

MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS 4
PRESENTATION
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
• Encouraging innovation and critical thinking to
solve complex, real-world problems by delivering
cutting-edge curriculum.
• Building strong industry and academic
partnerships to enhance learning and career
opportunities.
• Promoting ethical practices and social
responsibility, ensuring that our graduates
contribute positively to society.

MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS 5
PRESENTATION
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE
 Graduates can:
 1. Leverage their expertise in foundational
sciences, mathematics, artificial intelligence,
data science, and statistics to develop systems
for managing and analyzing large-scale data.
 2. Think critically, continuously learn, and
collaborate effectively within a multidisciplinary
team while upholding strong ethical standards.
 3. Demonstrate innovative thinking and
creativity to impact economic development.
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS 6
. PRESENTATION
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
 Students should be able to:
• Develop AI-driven, domain-specific processes to
enhance decision-making across various fields,
including business and governance.
• Apply theoretical knowledge of AI, data analytics, and
practical industry tools and techniques to address and
solve complex societal challenges.
• Cultivate data analytics, visualisation skills, and
knowledge acquisition, representation, and engineering
expertise to coordinate complex projects effectively.

MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS 7
PRESENTATION
UNIT TOPICS
 UNIT I - INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION

 UNIT II - TRANSPORT LAYER

 UNIT III - NETWORK LAYER

 UNIT IV - ROUTING

 UNIT V -DATA LINK AND PHYSICAL LAYERS

MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS 8
PRESENTATION
COURSE OBJECTIVE

 To understand the concept of layering in networks.

 To know the functions of protocols of each layer of TCP/IP

protocol suite.

 To visualize the end-to-end flow of information.

 To learn the functions of network layer and the various routing

protocols.

 To familiarize the functions and protocols of the Transport layer.

MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS 9
PRESENTATION
COURSE OUTCOME
 CO 1: Explain the basic layers and its functions in
computer networks.

NETWORKS PRESENTATION
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/COMPUTER
 CO 2: Understand the basics of how data flows from
one node to another.

 CO 3: Analyze routing algorithms.

 CO 4: Describe protocols for various functions in the

network.

 CO 5: Analyze the working of various application layer

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protocols.
CO – PO MAPPING

MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS 11
PRESENTATION
UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND
APPLICATION LAYER

Data Communication - Networks – Network Types

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
– Protocol Layering – TCP/IP Protocol suite – OSI
Model – Introduction to Sockets - Application
Layer protocols: HTTP – FTP – Email protocols
(SMTP - POP3 - IMAP - MIME) – DNS – SNMP

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UNIT II TRANSPORT LAYER

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Introduction - Transport-Layer Protocols: UDP –
TCP: Connection Management – Flow control -
Congestion Control - Congestion avoidance
(DECbit, RED) – SCTP – Quality of Service

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UNIT III NETWORK LAYER

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Switching : Packet Switching - Internet
protocol - IPV4 – IP Addressing – Subnetting -
IPV6, ARP, RARP, ICMP, DHCP

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UNIT IV ROUTING

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Routing and protocols: Unicast routing -
Distance Vector Routing - RIP - Link State
Routing – OSPF – Path-vector routing - BGP -
Multicast Routing: DVMRP – PIM.

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UNIT V DATA LINK AND PHYSICAL
LAYERS

Data Link Layer – Framing – Flow control – Error

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
control – Data-Link Layer Protocols – HDLC – PPP
- Media Access Control – Ethernet Basics –
CSMA/CD – Virtual LAN – Wireless LAN (802.11) -
Physical Layer: Data and Signals - Performance –
Transmission media- Switching – Circuit
Switching.

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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a
collection of networking protocols that govern how data is
transmitted across networks,including the Internet.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 It ensures that data packets are properly addressed, routed,
transmitted, and received between devices.

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KEY FEATURES OF TCP/IP:
 Standardized – Used globally for networking.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Scalable – Supports small and large
networks.

 Interoperable – Works across different

devices and operating systems.

 Reliable Communication – Ensures complete

and accurate data transfer.
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LAYERS OF THE TCP/IP MODEL
 Application Layer (Topmost Layer)
 Transport Layer

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Internet Layer

 Network Access Layer

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 MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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PRESENTATION
LAYERS OF THE TCP/IP MODEL
APPLICATION LAYER (TOPMOST
LAYER)

 The Application Layer provides network

services directly to applications such as web
browsing, email, and file transfers.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 It defines how applications interact with the

network and formats data for transmission.

 Ensures data encoding, compression, and

encryption when needed.

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APPLICATION LAYER

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Example:
 When you type www.google.com, your browser sends
an HTTP request to the web server.
 The web server responds with the requested webpage 22
using HTTP/HTTPS.
TRANSPORT LAYER

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Manages end-to-end communication
between devices.
 Splits large messages into smaller data

packets for transmission.

 Ensures reliable or fast data delivery,

depending on the protocol used.

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 MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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PRESENTATION
TRANSPORT LAYER
 MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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PRESENTATION
TCP VS. UDP COMPARISON
INTERNET LAYER
 Handles IP addressing, routing, and packet
forwarding.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Determines the best path for data to travel

from source to destination.

 Ensures that data reaches the correct device

using IP addresses.

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INTERNET LAYER
Protocol Function Use Case Example

When you send an email,

Assigns IP addresses and Directing data across the IP routes the data through
IP (Internet Protocol)
routes packets Internet multiple networks until it

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
reaches the recipient.

Most home and office

IPv4 (Internet Protocol Uses 32-bit addressing
Most networks today networks still use IPv4 for
Version 4) (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
internet access.

Uses 128-bit addressing Some ISPs and large

IPv6 (Internet Protocol Newer networks with
(e.g., organizations use IPv6 to
Version 6) more address space
2001:db8::ff00:42:8329) support more devices.

When using the ping

ICMP (Internet Control Sends error messages Ping command, network
command, ICMP checks if
Message Protocol) and diagnostics troubleshooting
a device is reachable.

When a computer wants

Finds the hardware to communicate with
ARP (Address Resolution Maps IP addresses to MAC
address of a device in a another device in a LAN,
Protocol) addresses
LAN ARP finds its MAC
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address.
NETWORK ACCESS LAYER (HOST-TO-
NETWORK LAYER)

 Handles the physical transmission of data

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
over a network (wired or wireless).
 Converts binary data into electrical, radio, or

optical signals for transmission.

 Deals with network hardware like routers,

switches, cables, and Wi-Fi.

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NETWORK ACCESS LAYER (HOST-TO-
NETWORK LAYER)
Technology Function Use Case Example

When you plug in an

Defines how data is Ethernet cable, this layer
Ethernet (Wired LAN) transmitted over physical Office and home networks ensures data is
cables transmitted through the
cable.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
When you connect to Wi-
Fi, the Network Access
Enables wireless Connecting laptops and
Wi-Fi (Wireless LAN) Layer ensures that your
communication phones to the internet
data is converted into
wireless signals.

A router uses MAC

MAC Address (Media Unique identifier for Used for LAN addresses to direct data
Access Control) network devices communication to the correct device in a
home network.

VPNs use PPP to establish

Used for direct
PPP (Point-to-Point Dial-up and VPN a secure connection
communication between
Protocol) connections between a user's device
two network nodes
and a remote server.

Some older banking

Used for high-speed data networks used Frame
Frame Relay/ATM Older telecom networks
transfer Relay for secure and fast
transaction processing.
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COMPARISION OF THE OSI AND TCP/IP
PROTOCOL SUITE
Feature OSI Model TCP/IP Model
ISO (International
U.S. Department of Defense
Developed By Organization for
(DoD)
Standardization)

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Number of Layers 7 Layers 4 Layers

Conceptual model for Practical model used in the

Use Case
networking standards Internet

Independent of specific Built around TCP and IP

Protocol Dependency
protocols protocols

Defines theoretical Ensures reliable data

Reliability
functions for each layer transmission

More structured but less More adaptable and widely

Flexibility
widely used implemented

Used for network education Used in real-world

Usage
and reference networking (Internet) 30
ADDRESSING
 Addressing in networking refers to the unique
identification of devices and data packets in
a network.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 It ensures that data is correctly delivered

from the source to the destination.

 There are different types of addressing,

depending on the network layer and

communication method

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TYPES OF ADDRESSING IN TCP/IP
MODEL:

 Physical Address (MAC Address)

 Logical Address (IP Address)

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Port Address

 Application-Specific Address (URL/Hostname)

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PHYSICAL ADDRESS (MAC ADDRESS)
 The physical address, also known as the MAC (Media
Access Control) address, is a unique hardware address
assigned to every network interface card (NIC) by the

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
manufacturer. It is used for communication within a
local network (LAN).
Features
 Uniqueness: Each MAC address is globally unique.
 Fixed: It is hardcoded into the NIC and does not
change.
 Used in LAN: Only works within a local network.

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PHYSICAL ADDRESS (MAC ADDRESS)
Format
 A MAC address is 48 bits (6 bytes) long.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Represented in hexadecimal notation.
Usage
 Used for local communication (within a network).
 Switches use MAC addresses to forward data packets
in a LAN.
 Used in Ethernet and Wi-Fi communication.
Example:
 When a laptop connects to a Wi-Fi router, the router
assigns an IP address, but communication within the
LAN happens using MAC addresses.
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LOGICAL ADDRESS (IP ADDRESS)
 The logical address, also known as an IP (Internet Protocol) address,
is assigned to devices to uniquely identify them on a network.
 It helps in identifying devices globally and routing data between

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
networks.

Types of IP Addresses
 1.IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)
 32-bit address (4 bytes).
 Written in dotted decimal format.
 Supports approximately 4.3 billion addresses.

 2.IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

 128-bit address (16 bytes).
 Written in hexadecimal format.
 Provides a much larger address space.
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LOGICAL ADDRESS (IP ADDRESS)
Usage

 Used for communication between different networks.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Routers use IP addresses to route data packets across the
internet.
 Required for Internet communication.

Example: When you visit a website, your device sends data to

the server's IP address (e.g., 142.250.190.78 for Google).

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PORT ADDRESS
 A port address is a 16-bit number that identifies a specific
process or service running on a device.
 It allows multiple applications to communicate over the

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
network simultaneously.

Usage
 Differentiates multiple services running on the same device.
 Used in TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User
Datagram Protocol).

Example:
 When you open a website, your browser uses port 443 for
secure HTTPS communication.
 When you send an email using SMTP, it uses port 25. 37
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC ADDRESS
(URL/HOSTNAME)
 An application-specific address is a human-readable
identifier used to access network services, such as
websites, email servers, or FTP servers.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 The most common type is a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL).

Types
 Domain Name (Hostname)
 Example: www.example.com
 Easier for users to remember than IP addresses.
 Uses DNS (Domain Name System) to translate domain
names into IP addresses.
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 Email Address
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC ADDRESS
(URL/HOSTNAME)
Example:
 [email protected]
 Identifies a user in an email system.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 File Paths
 Example: ftp://files.example.com/data
 Used for file transfers.
Usage
 Helps users access web pages, emails, and FTP services
easily.
 Requires DNS resolution to find the corresponding IP
address.

 Example: When you enter www.google.com, your device

39
contacts a DNS server, which translates it into an IP address
(e.g., 142.250.190.78), allowing access to the website.
OSI MODEL
 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a
conceptual framework developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO).

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 It standardizes network communication by dividing it into
seven layers, each with a specific function.
 Helps in troubleshooting network issues.
 Standardizes communication between different systems.
 Allows interoperability between different networking
devices and protocols.
 Provides a structured way to understand data flow in
networks.

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OSI MODEL SERVICES:
 Connection-Oriented & Connectionless Communication –
Ensures reliable (TCP) or fast (UDP) data transmission.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Error Detection & Correction – Identifies and fixes
transmission errors using checksums and CRC.

 Addressing & Routing – Uses IP addressing (Logical) and MAC

addressing (Physical) to deliver data efficiently.

 Data Encryption, Compression & Formatting – Secures,

reduces, and converts data for efficient transmission.

 Session Management & Flow Control – Maintains stable

connections and regulates data flow to prevent congestion. 41
PRINCIPLES IN DEFINING OSI LAYERS:

 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
model was designed using specific principles
to ensure modular, flexible, and efficient
network communication.

 These principles guide the division of

network functions into different layers,
ensuring interoperability and scalability
across various network systems.
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KEY PRINCIPLES FOR DEFINING OSI
LAYERS:
 Each Layer Should Have a Well-Defined Function:
 Each OSI layer should perform a specific role without overlapping
with other layers.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 This ensures clarity, efficiency, and ease of troubleshooting.

Example: The Transport Layer (Layer 4) ensures reliable data delivery,

while the Network Layer (Layer 3) handles IP addressing and
routing.

 A Layer Should Be Created Where a Different Abstraction is Needed:

 Each layer should handle a distinct network function to make
implementation and upgrades easier.
 This principle ensures modularity by allowing changes in one
layer without affecting others.

Example: The Presentation Layer (Layer 6) is separate to handle data

translation, encryption, and compression, making applications 43
independent of these functions.
KEY PRINCIPLES FOR DEFINING OSI
LAYERS:
 Each Layer Should Perform Similar Functions Across Different
Systems:
 The OSI model should be universal, ensuring that devices from different
manufacturers can communicate.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 This principle promotes standardization and interoperability across networks.

Example: The Network Layer (Layer 3) always handles logical

addressing (IP addressing), regardless of whether the system is
running Windows, Linux, or macOS.

 The Number of Layers Should Be Kept Small and Manageable:

 The model should have a minimal number of layers to avoid unnecessary
complexity.
 However, it should have enough layers to separate different functions clearly.
Example: The seven-layer OSI model is a balance between simplicity
and functionality, making it easier to manage and implement.
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KEY PRINCIPLES FOR DEFINING OSI
LAYERS:
 Each Layer Should Rely Only on Services from the Layer Below It:
 A layer should only interact with its adjacent lower layer to receive data and
pass it to the next higher layer.
 This ensures independence between layers and avoids dependencies that could

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
make upgrades difficult.
Example: The Transport Layer (Layer 4) relies on the Network Layer
(Layer 3) for routing but does not need to handle network
addressing directly.
 Changes in One Layer Should Not Affect Other Layers:
 A layer should be independent, meaning changes in its protocols or services
should not impact other layers.
 This makes the OSI model flexible and adaptable to new technologies.

If a new wireless communication protocol (e.g., 5G) is introduced at the

Physical Layer (Layer 1), it should not affect higher layers like the
 Application Layer (Layer 7)
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KEY PRINCIPLES FOR DEFINING OSI
LAYERS:
 Each Layer Should Support Both Connection-Oriented and
Connectionless Services:
 The OSI model should support both connection-oriented (TCP-like) and
connectionless (UDP-like) communication.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 This ensures adaptability for different types of applications.

Example:
 TCP (connection-oriented) is used for email and web browsing to
ensure reliable delivery.
 UDP (connectionless) is used for live streaming and VoIP where
speed is more important than reliability.

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 MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
47

PRESENTATION
SEVEN LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL
 MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
48

PRESENTATION
EXCHANGE USING OSI MODEL
 MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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PRESENTATION
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LAYERS
IN THE OSI MODEL
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
50

PRESENTATION
OSI LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER (LAYER 1) – "THE
HARDWARE LAYER":physical
connection

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
The physical layer is responsible for
transmitting
individual bits from one node to the next.
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 PHYSICAL LAYER

 The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer of the OSI Model. It is responsible for

the actual transmission of raw binary data (0s and 1s)

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 over a physical medium such as cables or wireless signals.

 This layer defines the hardware components, transmission rates, and signaling

mechanisms used for data communication.

Function:

 Deals with physical connections between devices.

 Transmits raw binary data (0s and 1s) over physical media (cables, radio waves, fiber

optics).
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 Defines cable types, voltage levels, transmission rates, and physical topologies.
 PHYSICAL LAYER

Key Services:

 Bit Transmission – Converts digital data into electrical, optical, or radio signals.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Media & Signal Control – Defines how signals are transmitted over cables or

wireless mediums.

 Physical Topology – Determines how devices are physically connected (e.g., star,

bus, ring).

Examples:

 Ethernet cables (Cat5, Cat6, Fiber Optics, Coaxial Cables)

 Wi-Fi (802.11), Bluetooth, Infrared, Radio Waves

 53
Network Interface Cards (NICs), Hubs, Repeaters
DATA LINK LAYER (LAYER 2) – "THE
MAC LAYER": logical
connection

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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 MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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PRESENTATION
DATA LINK LAYER (LAYER 2) – "THE
MAC LAYER":
DATA LINK LAYER (LAYER 2) – "THE
MAC LAYER":

 The Data Link Layer is the second layer of the OSI

model. It is responsible for node-to-node

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
communication, error detection, and data framing.
 This layer ensures that data is transmitted accurately
and efficiently between devices on the same network.
 The Data Link Layer is divided into two sublayers:
 Logical Link Control (LLC) Sublayer – Manages error
checking and flow control.
 Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer – Controls
how devices access the transmission medium.

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DATA LINK LAYER (LAYER 2) – "THE
MAC LAYER":
Function:
 Ensures error-free transfer of data between two devices on
the same network.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Converts raw data (bits) into structured data units (frames).
 Uses MAC (Media Access Control) addressing to uniquely
identify devices.
Key Services:
 Framing – Organizes bits into frames for transmission.
 Error Detection & Correction – Uses Cyclic Redundancy Check
(CRC) to detect transmission errors.
 MAC Addressing – Uses unique MAC addresses for device
identification.
Examples:
 Switches & Bridges (operate at Layer 2)
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 Ethernet & Wi-Fi (802.11)
 MAC Address (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E)
 MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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PRESENTATION
NETWORK LAYER (LAYER 3) –
"THE ROUTING LAYER"
 NETWORK LAYER (LAYER 3) – "THE
ROUTING LAYER"

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original
59
source to the final destination.
NETWORK LAYER
 The Network Layer is the third layer of the OSI Model
and is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and
packet forwarding.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 This layer determines the best path for data to travel
across multiple networks and ensures that data
reaches the correct destination.
 It plays a crucial role in internet communication,
where devices are identified using IP addresses and
data packets are routed through various networks
 to reach their destination.

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NETWORK LAYER
Function:
 Manages logical addressing and routing of data packets
between different networks.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Determines the best path for data transmission.
 Uses IP addresses for identifying devices.
Key Services:
 Logical Addressing – Uses IP addresses (IPv4/IPv6) to identify
devices.
 Routing – Determines the best path for sending data.
 Packet Forwarding – Moves data from source to destination
across networks.
Examples:
 Routers (operate at Layer 3)
 IP Addresses (IPv4: 192.168.1.1, IPv6: 61
2001:db8::ff00:42:8329)
 Routing Protocols: OSPF, BGP, RIP, ICMP
 TRANSPORT LAYER (LAYER 4) – "THE
DELIVERY LAYER"

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message 62
from one process to another.
TRANSPORT LAYER (LAYER 4) – "THE
DELIVERY LAYER"
 The Transport Layer is the fourth layer of the OSI
Model and is responsible for end-to-end
communication, error handling, and data flow control

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
between devices.
 It ensures that data is delivered accurately,
completely, and in the correct sequence from the
sender to the receiver.
 This layer provides two types of communication:
 Connection-Oriented Communication (TCP -
Transmission Control Protocol)
 Connectionless Communication (UDP - User Datagram
Protocol)
63
TRANSPORT LAYER (LAYER 4) – "THE
DELIVERY LAYER"
Function:
 Provides end-to-end communication and error handling.
 Ensures reliable (TCP) or fast (UDP) data delivery.
 Breaks large data into segments and reassembles them at the

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
receiver’s end.
Key Services:
 Segmentation & Reassembly – Breaks large messages into
smaller segments.
 Flow Control – Manages data transmission speed to avoid
congestion.
 Error Detection & Recovery – Ensures data is delivered correctly.

Examples:
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – Reliable, ordered delivery
(Web browsing, Emails).
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – Fast but no guarantee of
delivery (Streaming, VoIP).
 Port Numbers: HTTP (80), HTTPS (443), FTP (21), SSH (22), DNS
64

(53)
SESSION LAYER (LAYER 5) – "THE
COMMUNICATION LAYER"

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization. 65
SESSION LAYER (LAYER 5) – "THE
COMMUNICATION LAYER"
 The Session Layer is the fifth layer of the OSI
Model and is responsible for establishing,
maintaining, and terminating communication

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
sessions between devices.
 It ensures that data exchanges between

applications are properly managed,

synchronized, and structured.
 This layer is particularly important in

scenarios where data transfer needs to be

organized, such as video calls, remote logins,
and file transfers.
66
SESSION LAYER (LAYER 5) – "THE
COMMUNICATION LAYER"
Function:
 Establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions
between applications.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Synchronizes data exchange with checkpoints for recovery after
interruptions.
Key Services:
 Session Establishment & Termination – Opens and closes
communication sessions.
 Synchronization – Ensures data is transmitted in an organized
manner.
 Dialog Control – Manages full-duplex (simultaneous) or half-
duplex (one-way) communication.
Examples:
 Video Conferencing (Zoom, MS Teams, Google Meet)
 Remote Desktop Access (RDP, SSH)
 Login Sessions (Telnet, FTP sessions) 67
PRESENTATION LAYER (LAYER 6) –
"THE TRANSLATOR LAYER"

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
• It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information 68
exchanged b/w 2 devices.
PRESENTATION LAYER (LAYER 6) –
"THE TRANSLATOR LAYER"

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 The Presentation Layer is the sixth layer of the OSI
Model and is responsible for data translation,
encryption, and compression.
 It acts as a bridge between the Application Layer
(Layer 7) and the Transport Layer (Layer 4), ensuring
that data is in the correct format for communication.
 This layer ensures that different systems can
understand each other's data formats, even if they
use different encoding methods.

69
PRESENTATION LAYER (LAYER 6) –
"THE TRANSLATOR LAYER"
Function:
 Converts data into a format understandable by the receiving system.
 Handles data encryption, compression, and formatting.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Ensures data compatibility between different devices and
applications.
Key Services:
 Data Formatting & Encoding – Converts data into standard formats
(ASCII, Unicode, JPEG, MP3).
 Data Compression – Reduces file size to improve speed and
bandwidth usage.
 Encryption & Decryption – Secures sensitive data using protocols like
SSL/TLS.
Examples:
 SSL/TLS Encryption (Secure websites HTTPS)
 File Formats (JPEG, MP3, MP4, GIF, PDF)
 Character Encoding (ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC) 70
APPLICATION LAYER (LAYER 7) –
"THE USER INTERFACE LAYER"

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
71
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
APPLICATION LAYER (LAYER 7) –
"THE USER INTERFACE LAYER"

 The Application Layer is the seventh and topmost

layer of the OSI Model. It is the interface between the

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
user and the network,
 providing network services directly to applications.
This layer allows users to interact with the network
through web browsers, email clients, file transfer
applications, and other software.
 It defines protocols and standards for data exchange,
ensuring smooth communication between devices.

72
APPLICATION LAYER (LAYER 7) –
"THE USER INTERFACE LAYER"
Function:
 Provides network services directly to end-users.
 Enables file transfers, emails, web browsing, and remote access.

PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
 Defines network protocols used by applications.
Key Services:
 User Interface – Allows users to interact with network applications.
 Application Protocols – Uses HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP.
 Data Access & Network Services – Supports cloud computing, remote
login, and database access.
Examples:
 Web Browsing (Chrome, Firefox, Edge) → HTTP/HTTPS (80/443)
 Email Services (Gmail, Outlook) → SMTP, POP3, IMAP
 File Transfers → FTP, SFTP
 Domain Name Resolution → DNS (Google DNS: 8.8.8.8)

73
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
COMPUTER NETWORKS
74

PRESENTATION