Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man- made thinking power.“
Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial
device. The term was coined by McCarthy in 1956.
Definition of Artificial Intelligence:
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent
machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions.“
Applications of Artificial Intelligence:
1. AI in Astronomy: AI can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare: In the last ,5 to 10 years AI becoming more advantages for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.

Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can
help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help
can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming: AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games
like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance: AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance
industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security: The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and
secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bug
and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. AI in Social Media: Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snap chat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.
AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify
the latest trends, hash tag, and requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel &Transport: AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable
of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting
the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered
chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry: Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual
assistant to their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an
intelligent virtual assistant.
Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics: AI has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed
such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create
intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed.
Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot
named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment: We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with
some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms,
these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence:-

High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre- experience or information.

High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because

of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.

High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.

Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as
AI technology is currently used by various E- commerce websites to show the products
as per customer requirement.

Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving
car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security
purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-
language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:-

High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires
lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still
they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they
are trained, or programmed.

No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it

does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are

getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental
capabilities.

No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas
but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be
creative and imaginative
The Goals of Artificial Intelligence (AI) include:

Problem Solving: To develop algorithms and systems capable of solving complex

problems across various domains.
Learning and Adaptation: To enable AI systems to learn from data or experiences,
improving their performance over time and adapting to new situations.
Decision Making: To create AI systems capable of making decisions and taking actions
autonomously, based on available information and objectives.
Natural Interaction: To facilitate natural and intuitive interactions between humans
and machines, through speech, gestures, or other modalities.
Understanding and Reasoning: To enable AI systems to understand and reason about
the world, including language, images, and abstract concepts.
Creativity and Innovation: To foster creativity and innovation in AI systems, allowing
them to generate novel ideas, solutions, or artifacts.
Societal Impact: To leverage AI for positive societal impact, addressing challenges in
healthcare, education, environment, and other areas.
Advancement of Knowledge: To contribute to the advancement of knowledge and
understanding in AI research and related fields, pushing the boundaries of what
machines can achieve.
Typical AI problems :
Classification: Sorting things into categories based on their features.
For example: Determining whether an email is spam or not.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Teaching computers to understand and generate
human language. This can involve tasks like sentiment analysis, language translation, or
chatbots.
Computer Vision: Enabling computers to understand and interpret visual information
from images or videos. Tasks include object recognition, facial recognition, and image
classification.
Reinforcement Learning: Training algorithms to make sequences of decisions in an
environment to achieve a goal, based on trial and error. This is often used in gaming AI
or robotics.
Recommendation Systems: Predicting what a user might like based on their past
behavior or similarities with other users. This is commonly seen in streaming services
suggesting movies or music.
Anomaly Detection: Identifying unusual patterns or outliers in data that might indicate
fraud, errors, or other unexpected behavior. For instance, detecting unusual activity in
bank transactions.
Semantic Understanding: Teaching computers to understand the meaning behind
words, phrases, or sentences. This is important for tasks like search engines, question
answering systems, and information retrieval.
Behaviors of Artificial intelligence:

Learning: AI systems can learn from data or experiences and improve their performance
over time.
Reasoning: AI can use rules and logic to make decisions or draw conclusions based on
available information. This involves processes like deductive reasoning and inductive
reasoning
Problem Solving: AI systems can solve complex problems by breaking them down into
smaller, more manageable tasks and applying algorithms or heuristics to find solutions.
This includes tasks like search algorithms, optimization techniques, and constraint
satisfaction.
Perception: AI can perceive and interpret sensory inputs from the environment, such as
images, sounds, or text. This involves techniques like computer vision , speech
recognition ,and natural language processing .
Communication: AI systems can communicate with humans or other systems using
natural language or other forms of interaction.
Social Intelligence: AI systems can understand and respond to social cues, norms, and
conventions, enabling them to interact effectively with humans or other agents in social
settings. This includes tasks like emotion recognition, social robotics, and virtual
assistants.
What can AI systems do?
Today’s AI systems have been able to achieve limited success in some of these tasks.
Recognize Patterns: They can spot similarities or differences in things, like identifying
faces in photos or predicting trends in data.
Make Decisions: They can help decide what actions to take based on the information
they have, like suggesting movies you might like or routing traffic efficiently.
Understand Language: They can understand and respond to human language, like
answering questions or translating text into different languages.
Play Games: They can play games against humans or other AI, like chess, Go, or video
games.
Create Art: They can generate music, artwork, or even write stories.
Drive Cars: They can control vehicles autonomously, navigating roads and avoiding
obstacles.
Diagnose Diseases: They can analyze medical data to help doctors diagnose illnesses
or recommend treatments.
Assist with Daily Tasks: They can help with tasks around the house or office, like
scheduling appointments, setting reminders, or controlling smart home devices.
Predict Outcomes: They can forecast future events based on past data, like predicting
the weather or stock market trends.
What can AI systems NOT do yet?

General Intelligence: They lack human-like understanding and reasoning across diverse
tasks and contexts.
Common Sense: They struggle with understanding context and applying common-sense
knowledge.
Emotional Understanding: They cannot fully understand or express emotions like
humans can.
Creativity: They lack true creativity and originality in generating novel ideas or artworks.
Morality and Ethics: They cannot make moral judgments or understand complex ethical
considerations.
Complete Autonomy: They still require human oversight and intervention for many
tasks and decisions.
Empathy: They cannot genuinely empathize with human emotions or experiences.
Self-awareness: They lack self-awareness and consciousness like humans possess.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
AI is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of other
factors which can contribute to it.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software AI requires the following
discipline:-
1. Reasoning
2. Learning
3. Problem-solving
4. Perception
5. Language understanding,, etc.
Types of Artificial Intelligence: AI can be divided in various types, there are mainly
categorized into 2 types based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI.