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10 Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Analysis

The document outlines the principles and techniques for measuring correlation between variables, including Pearson, Spearman, Point Biserial, and Phi coefficients. It provides formulas and steps for calculating these correlations, as well as examples illustrating their application in real-world scenarios. The intended learning outcomes emphasize understanding statistical techniques, data identification, and making informed conclusions based on data analysis.

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bundalianjasminrose18
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9 views37 pages

10 Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Analysis

The document outlines the principles and techniques for measuring correlation between variables, including Pearson, Spearman, Point Biserial, and Phi coefficients. It provides formulas and steps for calculating these correlations, as well as examples illustrating their application in real-world scenarios. The intended learning outcomes emphasize understanding statistical techniques, data identification, and making informed conclusions based on data analysis.

Uploaded by

bundalianjasminrose18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CORRELATIO

N
Intended Learning
Outcomes
At the end of the discussion, the students should
be able to:
a. Understand the principles of the different
statistical techniques that measures and
describe the correlation of variables
b. Identify and supply the needed data in the
formula according to specific statistical
technique
c. Produce sound decision and conclusion based on
the data
• Correlation Statistical Techniques
• Used to measure and describe a
relationship between two variables
• There is no intention of
manipulating or controlling the
variables since they exist naturally
Relationships in environment
Between Data • Example:
• Relationship of subject grade
to economic status
• Distance of the student from
the teacher and their subject
grade
Type of Correlation Coefficients

Correlation Coefficient Types of Scales


Pearson Product Moment Both scales interval (or ratio)
Spearman Rank Order Both scales ordinal
Phi Both scales are naturally dichotomous

Point Biserial One scale dichotomous one scale


interval or ratio
Positive Correlation
• This results when one value increases, the other value
also increases – meaning that the two variables are
The moving the same direction.
• Direct correlation/ relationship
Characteris • Example:
• The daily allowance of the students increases and so
tics of a their Grade Point Average

Relationshi Negative Correlation


• As one variable increases, the other variable decreases
p • Inverse correlation/ relationship
• Example:
• The daily of the student increases, their Grade Point
Average decreases
Exactly -1 Perfect Negative Correlation
-0.70 to -0.99 High Negative Correlation

Interpretati -0.50 to -0.69


-0.30 to -0.49
Moderate Negative Correlation
Low Negative Correlation
on of 0 No correlation

Results +0.30 to +0.49


+0.50 to +0.69
Low Positive Correlation
Moderate Positive Correlation
+0.70 to +0.99 High Positive Correlation
Exactly +1 Perfect Positive Correlation
Pearson Product
Moment of
Coefficient of
Correlation r
An index of relationships between two variables

The value of Pearson could range from +1 to -1, which is a perfect correlation

If the value is zero (0), then there is no correlation

If the value you got is more than 1.0, then there must be something wrong with
the computation
Formula for
the Pearson r
Steps in
Computing for
the Value of
Pearson r

1. Count the number of


observation or the n
2. Compute the sum of x
that is Σx
3. Square the value x (x2)
and get the sum of x2 (Σ
x2)
Steps in
Computing for
the Value of
Pearson r

4. Compute the sum of x


that is Σy
5. Square the value y (y2)
and get the sum of y2 (Σ y2)
Steps in
Computing for
the Value of
Pearson r

6. Get the product of the x


and y and the sum of xy
(Σxy)
Steps in
Computing for
the Value of
Pearson r

7. Apply the given formula


Spearman Rank Order of
Coefficient Correlation
A non-parametric test It is used to look into
of correlation for it the significant
does not require relationship of two
normality in variables when ranking
distribution is used
Formula for Spearman Rho
Steps in Computing
Spearman Rho

1. Rank the data in x from highest to


lowest
• Create a temporary rank column
and arrange the score from
highest to lowest. The highest
score gets the rank 1. In case of
similar scores, add the RANKS (not
the scores) and divide it by the
number of similar scores. The
temporary ranks will guide you as
to what rank is next
Steps in
Computing
Spearman Rho
2. Rank the data in y from
highest to lowest
Steps in
Computing
Spearman
Rho

3. Compute the
difference between
the rank of x and y
Steps in Computing
Spearman Rho

4. Square the difference of the ranks


5. Find the summation of the squared
difference
Steps in
Computing
Spearman Rho
6. Determine the n
7. Use the formula given
Point Biserial
Correlation
Coefficient (rpbi)
A statistics used to estimate the degree of
relationship between a dichotomous and an
interval or ratio scale

Example: If the researcher want to find out the


Descripti degree of relationships between gender (male
and female) and IQ Score (scale), the point
on biserial correlation coefficient is appropriate

The interpretation is similar to Pearson r which


can range from -1 to +1.
The dichotomous or binomial variable is converted to
Steps to numerical variables

Compute We can assign a value of zero (0) to one category and a

for Point value of one (1) to the other category

Biserial Then, use the regular Pearson Correlation formula to


convert the data.
Correlati
on It is customary to use zero (0) and one (1) but using
other two different numbers would work equally well
and would not affect the value of the correlation
Example

• A researcher wants to
determine if gender is
related to IQ. Since IQ is
continuous data and
gender is dichotomous,
the point biserial
correlation coefficient is
appropriate
• Since the computed
value is 0.67, it shows
that IQ and Gender has
strong relationship
Phi-Coefficient
• Is used for
variables that are
both nominal and
dichotomous
Simple Linear
Regression
Analysis
Formula:
• Used when there is a
relationship between x
and y variables
• Used to predict the
value of y given the
value of x
• Used for forecasting and
prediction
Example

A research investigates the


relationship of the number of
hours that the students reviewed
(x) and the grades (y) they got in
their Statistics Exam. Find if
there is a significant relationship
between the number of hours
reviewed and their grades
To solve, here are the steps:

1. Use the data as computed


using the Pearson Product
Moment Coefficient of
Correlation r or Pearsons’ r.
To solve, here are the steps:
2. Compute for b, by computing the following first: Σxy, Σx, Σy, Σx2
To solve, here are
the steps:

3. Then solve the b using


the formula for b.
4. Compute for a by finding the mean of y,
To solve, and then mean of x.

here are
the steps:
Supposed we want
to predict the grade
(y) of a student who
reviewed for 6
hours (y), get the
value of y by
computing the
simple linear
regression. Solve
for the a then the y
Videos you may watch
• https://youtu.be/nMCdoIXeUuo?t=194
• https://youtu.be/qo1FVrlvW1Y?t=205
• https://youtu.be/sDrAoR17pNM?t=331

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