WWW or Web

• It is the system of interconnected documents and other resources linked

by hyperlinks and are accessed through their URL over the Internet.

• Tim Berners-Lee proposed the architecture of web.

• He created the first web server, web browser, and webpage on his
computer at the CERN physics research lab in 1990.

• The internet is a global network of computers, while the web is a

collection of documents and services that run on the internet.
 WWW or Web
• Internet is a hardware infrastructure that enables communication and
information exchange between devices.
• Where as WWW is a software application that runs on top of the
Internet.
• WWW provides user friendly interface for accessing and sharing the
information
 Internet
Web
• A network of computers connected
by telecommunications and optical • A collection of documents and
networking
other resources, linked by
• A way of transporting content, such
as emails and files hyperlinks and URIs
• Uses TCP/IP protocols, mostly • A service that runs on the internet
hardware-based
• A public network that anyone can • Uses HTTP protocol and is more
access with a device and an internet software-oriented
connection
• Includes websites, online
platforms, and digital services
• A webpage is a document that is written in the HTML, it can be
viewed from the Internet. It can be accessed by entering the URL on
the address bar of the web browser.

• It contain information, such as text, color, graphics, animations,

videos, sounds, etc.
 What are Static Web Pages?

• Static Web pages are very simple. It is written in languages

such as HTML, JavaScript, CSS, etc.

• For static web pages when a server receives a request for a

web page, then the server sends the response to the client

• These web pages are seen through a web browser.

• In static web pages, prebuilt content will remain the same.

 What are Static Web Pages?

• These do not require server side processing.

• They are faster to load compared to dynamic web page.
• They are easier to develop and maintain as they do not require
database integration or server side scripting.
• The request from the client is processed by the web server and no
need for application server.
Dynamic web page
• A dynamic web page is a web page that can change its
content based on the user's request or actions.

• Dynamic pages are different from static pages, which

display the same information to every user.

• Dynamic pages are built using web applications that

interact with databases.
• The content of a dynamic page is assembled as the user requests it.

• The content can change based on the time of day, the user's location,
or their interactions with the page.

• A server-side dynamic web page is a web page whose construction is

controlled by an application server processing server-side scripts.

• Server-side languages such as ASP, JSP ColdFusion, Go, JavaScript,

Perl, PHP, Ruby, Python, Web DNA and other languages,
• The dynamic page response is managed by two level response
system.

• This contains web server and application server.

• Web server function is to manage the web content

• Application server manages to retrieve data from the database.

• A website is a collection of web pages that are linked
together and stored on a web server.
• There are many types of websites, including social
media sites, news sites, and business websites.
 • Static websites display the same content to all
users, while dynamic websites can change based
on user input.
Static websites Dynamic websites
• Use HTML, CSS, and JavaScript • Use server-side scripting
• Don't use databases or server-side languages like PHP, Ruby, Python,
scripting languages or ASP.NET
• Are simple and easy to host • Use databases
• Are fast and lightweight • Can change based on user input or
• Are secure because they don't have real-time data
dynamic content • Can be more complicated to
• Are good for displaying simple develop and maintain
information that doesn't change often • Can offer personalized content
and dynamic features
• Can be used to create innovative
websites
• A web server is a software that allows users to access websites
and web applications. It stores, processes, and delivers web
content like text, images, videos, and applications.

• It stores, processes, and delivers web content like text, images,

videos, and applications.

web server work

• Uses HTTP and other protocols to respond to requests from clients

• Manages and responds to user requests over the internet

• Stores and processes files for websites and web-based

applications
Web servers have many features,
including security, scalability, and performance.

Security
• Access control: Restricts access to sensitive data by
default
• Encryption: Encrypts data like passwords to prevent
hackers
• Authentication: Requires users to authenticate before
accessing resources
• Network monitoring: Detects unauthorized or
malicious activity
• Reverse proxy: Hides an internal server and acts as an
Performance
Bandwidth: Faster loading times improve the
user experience and search engine ranking
High throughput and low latency: Help create
a high-performance web server
Uptime guarantee: Measures how long a server
remains operational

Scalability
Load balancing: Distributes incoming traffic across
multiple servers to prevent overloading
Caching: Stores and serves frequently accessed content
more efficiently
 Single-Tier (Single Server) Architecture:
• In a single-tier architecture, a single server is responsible for
both processing requests and serving web content.
• Single-tier architecture is a software design where all
application components are on a single server or computer.
• It's also known as monolithic architecture.
How it works
• The user interface, business logic, and data storage are all in
one executable or application
• The application is accessible by the user on their local drive
• The client and server are on the same machine
Single-Tier (Single Server) Architecture:
 TWO-Tier Architecture:

It refers to a system where a web application is

divided into two distinct layers:
• a client-side (user interface) and
• a server-side (database),
• the client directly communicating with the server
to retrieve and process data,
 TWO-Tier Architecture:
• Client Tier:
This layer handles the presentation of information to the
user, including the user interface elements like forms,
buttons, and displays data received from the server. The
client or front-end
Server Tier:
This layer manages the database, executes
business logic, and processes data requests
from the client. the server or back-end,
used in simple applications where scalability
and flexibility are less critical.
 Three-Tier Architecture:
• A software development model that
separates a web application into three
distinct layers
the presentation tier (user
interface), the application tier
(business logic), and the data tier
(database),
allowing for better organization,
maintainability, and scalability by
assigning specific functionalities to each
layer.
Presentation Tier (Front-end):
• Responsible for displaying information to the user through the
user interface (UI) elements like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
• Handles user input and sends requests to the application tier.
Components:
User Interface (UI): Includes web browsers, mobile apps, or
desktop applications that users interact with. It displays data
and collects user inputs.
User Interaction Logic: Handles how user inputs are processed
and communicated to the Application Tier. This can involve
form validation, data formatting, and sending requests to the
server.
Responsibilities:
Display data from the Application Tier to the user.
Collect user inputs and forward them to the Application
 Application Tier (Business Logic Tier)
Hosts Business Logic: Implements the rules and processes,
such as order processing, authentication, or data validation.

Application Server:
• Manages communication between the Presentation
and Data Tiers and hosts the business logic.
• Web servers and application servers such as Apache
Tomcat, Microsoft IIS, or JBoss are examples.
Web server Application Server:
• Apache HTTP Server • WebLogic
• Nginx • JBoss
• Microsoft IIS • WebSphere
• Resin • GlassFish
 Data Tier (Database Tier)
• The Data Tier is responsible for data management and storage.
• It handles all database operations, including data retrieval,
updates, and management.

Database Management System (DBMS): Software like

MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server and MongoDB
that manages data storage and retrieval.
• Store and manage data securely and efficiently.
• Handle queries and transactions initiated by the
Application Tier.
• Ensure data integrity, consistency, and availability.
• Provide backup and recovery mechanisms to protect data.
N-tier architecture separates an application into
logical layers and physical tiers. Each layer has a
specific responsibility, and higher layers can use
services in lower layers.

Entity Layer (Domain

Layer):
This layer is responsible for
N-tier

representing the core business objects

and logic of an application.
It defines the fundamental entities that
mirror real-world concepts in the
application’s domain.
• Client tier : handles user interactions

• Web server: handles presentation logic

• Application tier : hosts the business logic

and application services

• Data server: hosts the data access layer

and interacts with the database.
N-tier architecture
• Tiers are physically separated, running on separate machines.

• A tier can call to another tier directly, or use asynchronous

messaging.

• Although each layer might be hosted in its own tier, that's not
required. Several layers might be hosted on the same tier.

• Physically separating the tiers improves scalability and

resiliency and adds latency from the additional network
• An N-tier architecture can be of two types:

• In a closed layer architecture, a layer can only call the

next layer immediately down.

• In an open layer architecture, a layer can call any of the

layers below it.

• A closed-layer architecture limits the dependencies

between layers. However, it might create unnecessary
Examples of N-tier architecture include logistics software for the
automotive industry and shopping cart web applications.

• Logistics software

• Data sources

Logistics software

• Information from the factory floor, parts suppliers,

warehouses, trucks, and production planning area

• Purpose

• Provide real-time information on parts delivery status to the

assembly line
Shopping cart web application
• Features: Allow users to add items to the cart,
change quantities, and make payments
• Use case: Used by e-commerce site users to
purchase items
 Benefits of N-Tier architecture
• Secure: can secure each of the three tiers separately using
different methods.

• Easy to manage: one can manage each tier separately,

adding or modifying each tier without affecting the other tiers.

• Scalable: need to add more resources, can do it per tier,

without affecting the other tiers.

• Flexible: Apart from isolated scalability, can also expand

each tier in any manner that your requirements dictate.