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Unit 2 - Lecture 2

The document discusses the fundamentals of semantics and semantic parsing in natural language processing. It covers various aspects of semantic analysis, including types of meaning relationships such as hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, and antonymy. Additionally, it outlines the building blocks of a semantic system and approaches to meaning representations.

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Niveditha S
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20 views13 pages

Unit 2 - Lecture 2

The document discusses the fundamentals of semantics and semantic parsing in natural language processing. It covers various aspects of semantic analysis, including types of meaning relationships such as hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, and antonymy. Additionally, it outlines the building blocks of a semantic system and approaches to meaning representations.

Uploaded by

Niveditha S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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18CSE359T – Natural

Language Processing

Instructor:
Mrs. S. Niveditha,
Lecture : 11 Assistant Professor(Sr. G)
Unit :2 SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Session :2 [email protected]
Topics for Today

 Semantics

 Semantic Parsing
Semantics - Introduction

 Semantics – Knowledge of understanding

 Semantic analysis describes the process of understanding natural


language.

 The semantic analysis of natural language content starts by reading all of


the words in content to capture the real meaning of any text.

 It identifies the text elements and assigns them to their logical and
grammatical role.

 It analyzes context in the surrounding text and it analyzes the text


structure to accurately disambiguate the proper meaning of words that
have more than one definition.
Semantics - Types

 Studying meaning of individual word


 Studying the combination of individual words
Elements of Semantic Analysis
 Hyponymy
 It may be defined as the relationship between a generic term and instances of that
generic term. Here the generic term is called hypernym and its instances are called
hyponyms. For example, the word color is hypernym and the color blue, yellow etc. are
hyponyms.
 Homonymy
 It may be defined as the words having same spelling or same form but having different
and unrelated meaning. For example, the word “Bat” is a homonymy word because bat can
be an implement to hit a ball or bat is a nocturnal flying mammal also.
 Polysemy
 Polysemy is a Greek word, which means “many signs”. It is a word or phrase with different
but related sense. In other words, we can say that polysemy has the same spelling but
different and related meaning. For example, the word “bank” is a polysemy word having
the following meanings −
 A financial institution.
 The building in which such an institution is located.
 A synonym for “to rely on”.
Elements of Semantic Analysis

 Synonymy
 It is the relation between two lexical items having different forms but expressing the
same or a close meaning. Examples are ‘author/writer’, ‘fate/destiny’.

 Antonymy
 It is the relation between two lexical items having symmetry between their semantic
components relative to an axis. The scope of antonymy is as follows −

• Application of property or not − Example is ‘life/death’, ‘certitude/incertitude’

• Application of scalable property − Example is ‘rich/poor’, ‘hot/cold’

• Application of a usage − Example is ‘father/son’, ‘moon/sun’.


Building Blocks of Semantic System
Entities − It represents the individual such as a particular person, location etc. For
example, Haryana. India, Ram all are entities.

Concepts − It represents the general category of the individuals such as a person,


city, etc.

Relations − It represents the relationship between entities and concept. For


example, Ram is a person.

Predicates − It represents the verb structures. For example, semantic roles and
case grammar are the examples of predicates.
Approaches to Meaning Representations

 First order predicate logic (FOPL)

 Semantic Nets

 Frames

 Conceptual dependency (CD)

 Rule-based architecture

 Case Grammar

 Conceptual Graphs
Semantic analysis
 The Process of creating and assigning meaning representations to
linguistic unit is called as semantic analysis
 First order predicate logic
Truth Tables
Truth Tables
Example
LocationOf(Maharani)
Serves(Maharani,
Veg_food)

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